Demographic characteristics, glycemic and periodontal parameters (mean ± SD) of the study population.

Demographic characteristics, glycemic and periodontal parameters (mean ± SD) of the study population.</p

The DEGs that are a part of the most critical canonical pathways in patients with T2DM and periodontitis compared with the patients with T2DM and without periodontitis.

The DEGs that are a part of the most critical canonical pathways in patients with T2DM and periodontitis compared with the patients with T2DM and without periodontitis.</p

The immunohistochemical staining using antibodies against CALCRL, IL1RN, IL6R, and ITGA4 in representative gingival biopsies from the HH, HP, DH, and DP groups.

Bar length = 50 μm, original magnification × 20. HH: non-diabetic patients without periodontitis; HP: non-diabetic patients with periodontitis; DH: T2DM patients without periodontitis; DP: T2DM patients with periodontitis.</p

The DEGs expressed in the non-diabetic patients (yellow), in patients with T2DM (blue) and the commonly expressed in both the non-diabetic and diabetic patients.

HH: non-diabetic patients without periodontitis; HP: non-diabetic patients with periodontitis; DH: T2DM patients without periodontitis; DP: T2DM patients with periodontitis. (JPEG)</p

Ingenuity canonical pathways related to DEGs expressed exclusively in non-diabetic patients and the respective genes that function within each of these signaling pathways.

Ingenuity canonical pathways related to DEGs expressed exclusively in non-diabetic patients and the respective genes that function within each of these signaling pathways.</p

The immunohistochemical staining using antibodies against PTPN2, PTPN13, DHCR24 (Seladin), and PIK3R2 in representative gingival biopsies from the HH, HP, DH, and DP groups.

Bar length = 50 μm, original magnification × 20. HH: non-diabetic patients without periodontitis; HP: non-diabetic patients with periodontitis; DH: T2DM patients without periodontitis; DP: T2DM patients with periodontitis.</p

DEGs in tissues with periodontitis in relation to healthy tissues observed in non-diabetic patients and in patients with T2DM concurrently.

DEGs in tissues with periodontitis in relation to healthy tissues observed in non-diabetic patients and in patients with T2DM concurrently.</p

Top 15 downregulated and upregulated DEGs in periodontitis in relation to periodontal health in non-diabetic and in patients with T2DM exclusively.

Top 15 downregulated and upregulated DEGs in periodontitis in relation to periodontal health in non-diabetic and in patients with T2DM exclusively.</p

Fig 1 -

IPA analysis of the canonical pathways related to the DEGs altered in tissues with periodontitis compared with tissues with periodontal health in non-diabetic patients. (A) The top ten dysregulated canonical signaling pathways are presented in descending order of statistical significance of −log(P-values). (B) The canonical pathways that were predicted to be modulated in the non-diabetic patients, as defined by a −log(P-value) >2 and Z-score <−1.3 (inhibited). (C) The number of upregulated and downregulated DEGs involved in each of the representative canonical pathways.</p

DEGs in tissues with periodontitis relative to healthy tissues observed in patients with T2DM exclusively.

DEGs in tissues with periodontitis relative to healthy tissues observed in patients with T2DM exclusively.</p