Flame retardancy of carbon fibre reinforced composites

editoria

Particle distribution of solid flame retardants in infusion moulded composites

Vista del púlpito de la Capilla del Sagrario. Talla en madera, con incrustaciones de carey, nácar y hueso. Anónimo del siglo XVIII. En el remate del tornavoz se encuentra una talla de San Juan Bautista. En la tribuna, están Los Cuatro Evangelistas pintados por Gregorio Vásquez de Arce y Ceballos. La Capilla del Sagrario fue construida entre 1660 y 1700. Fue un proyecto del sargento mayor del Ejército Real español, Gabriel Gómez de Sandoval y Arratia, para fomentar la devoción al Sacramento de la Eucaristía. Allí se conserva una de las colecciones más representativas de la obra del pintor santafereño Gregorio Vásquez de Arce y Ceballos, quien realizó un gran número de obras para la ornamentación del templo. La capilla se vio afectada por los temblores de 1827 y 1917, de modo que perdió varios de sus componentes originales. Entre 1958 y 1960 se realizó su restauración

Particle distribution of solid flame retardants in infusion moulded composites

Resin transfer moulding (RTM) is commonly used for the production of high-performance fibre-reinforced polymer composites. In numerous application areas, the addition of fillers is necessary to enhance some properties of the polymer matrix or provide it with additional properties, such as flame retardancy. As many of the applied additives are solid phase, the reinforcement layers may filter the solid phase additive particles during RTM, resulting in a non-uniform distribution and uneven performance. Consequently, the proper distribution of the solid phase additives in composites is of key importance. This review primarily aims at facilitating the production of flame retarded structural composites by RTM in cases where the required fire performance can only be achieved with solid additives. First, the parameters influencing the particle distribution, along with the models describing it, are reviewed. Then, analytical methods for determining the particle distribution in composites manufactured by RTM are presented. Finally, the possible solutions to improve the particle distribution of solid phase additives are outlined.</jats:p

Multifunctional Gelcoats for Fiber Reinforced Composites

Achieving special features in polymer composites, such as flame retardancy and thermal and electrical conductivity, often requires the application of different additives, which might negatively affect other properties of the polymer matrix and the composite structure. Furthermore, the application of solid additives in composites produced by liquid transfer moulding can lead to the filtration of the additive by the reinforcement, which causes a non-uniform particle distribution and an uneven performance. An evident solution to address these issues is to apply the additives in a separate layer on the surface of the composite. As in many applications, gelcoats are used to reach appropriate surface quality, a reasonable progression in the composite industry is the development of multifunctional gelcoats. In this article, after a short introduction to gelcoats and their main base materials (unsaturated polyester, epoxy, and others) multifunctional gelcoats are discussed according to their functionality, in particular water resistance, electric conductivity and flame retardancy. Classical and novel gelcoat preparation methods (application by brush and/or roller, spraying, UV-curing, in-mould gelcoating), as well as common defects that occur during gelcoating are discussed. Finally, the testing methods of multifunctional gelcoats are outlined

Comparison of additive and reactive phosphorus-based flame retardants in epoxy resins

The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of phosphorus-based additive and reactive flame retardants (FR) on the flammability and mechanical properties of a pentaerythritol-based model epoxy resin system cured with a cycloaliphatic diamine hardener. Commercially available ammonium polyphosphate (APP) was used as additive and 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenantrene-10-oxide (DOPO) as reactive flame retardant. The behaviour of these systems was also compared to a recently synthesized phosphorus-containing amine (TEDAP), which can be used both as flame retardant and crosslinking agent

Flame retardancy of carbon fibre reinforced sorbitol based bioepoxy composites with phosphorus-containing additives

Carbon fibre reinforced flame-retarded bioepoxy composites were prepared from commercially available sorbitol polyglycidyl ether (SPE) cured with cycloaliphatic amine hardener. Samples containing 1, 2, and 3% phosphorus (P) were prepared using additive type flame retardants (FRs) resorcinol bis(diphenyl phosphate) (RDP), ammonium polyphosphate (APP), and their combinations. The fire performance of the composites was investigated by limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL-94 tests, and mass loss calorimetry. The effect of FRs on the glass transition temperature, and storage modulus was evaluated by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), while the mechanical performance was investigated by tensile, bending, and interlaminar shear measurements, as well as by Charpy impact test. In formulations containing both FRs, the presence of RDP, acting mainly in gas phase, ensured balanced gas and solid-phase mechanism leading to best overall fire performance. APP advantageously compensated the plasticizing (storage modulus and glass transition temperature decreasing) effect of RDP in combined formulations; furthermore, it led to increased tensile strength and Charpy impact energy