AKUNTABILITAS STREET-LEVEL BUREAUCRACY DALAM IMPLEMENTASI PROGRAM PEMBERDAYAAN EKONOMI MASYARAKAT KELURAHAN OESAPA

The accountability of LPM in Oesapa Village as Street-Level Bureaucracy in the implementation of the PEM program. The purpose of this paper is to describe the accountability of street-level bureaucracy in the implementation of community economic empowerment programs in the Community Empowerment Institute, Oesapa Village, Kupang City. This research is a type of qualitative research. The results of this study indicate: Corruption by LPM treasurers, Overlapping in Screening PEM Funding Proposals, street-level bureaucracy responses to issues are still low, In correlation by LPM, Low awareness of the use of PEM funds, Low community activity in depositing PEM funds, and the inadequacy of the Oesapa Village LPM Report. The results showed that the accountability of street-level bureaucracy/LPM in implementing the PEM program in Oesapa Village, Kupang City was still low

Potential of sorghum and physic nut (Jatropha curcas) for management of plant bugs (Hemiptera: Miridae) and cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera) on cotton in an assisted trap-cropping strategy

The cotton bollworm (CBW) Helicoverpa armigera and to a lesser extent plant bugs (PB) (Hemiptera: Miridae) are important pests of cotton in Africa. For sustainability reasons, it is necessary to reduce use of chemical control measures for these pests. A promising alternative to chemical control of both CBW and PB is trap cropping, assisted with botanical pesticides sprays, if needed. We report studies conducted from 1995–98 on sorghum attractiveness to PB and CBW, on the potential of physic nut (Jatropha curcas) extracts [particularly the phorbol ester (PE) fraction of the oil] for sorghum protection fromPB damage, and on the insecticidal activity of Jatropha extracts on CBW. At the ICRISAT research station (Samanko, Mali), infestation by the five main species of PB (accounting for 96% of total) was much higher on sorghum than on cotton. In the Kolokani region, CBW infestation was negligible on the Guinea loose-panicled sorghum cultivar Bibalawili, while it was significant on both compact-panicled PB susceptible ICSH 89002 and PB resistant Malisor 84-7. At Samanko, Jatropha oil application on sorghum panicles showed some effect on PB when damage level was high, better than Jatropha and neem aqueous extracts. However, it did not compete with pyrethroid protection level. PE contact toxicity on CBW larvae was too low to determine a LC 50. Aningestion insecticidal activity of PE was found on all tested larval instars. Contact toxicity LC 50 of PE on eggs was 1.66 g ml-1. Development of larvae and reproductive ability of adults derived from new-laid eggs treated with solutions of 0.35 g ml-1 PE and above were considerably affected. Prospects for using sorghum and Jatropha extracts for cotton protection against insect pests in an assisted trap-cropping strategy are discussed

Emerging organic compounds in European groundwater

In Europe, emerging organic compounds (EOCs) in groundwater is a growing research area. Prioritisation for monitoring EOCs was formalised in 2019 in Europe through the development of the first voluntary groundwater watch list (GWWL). Despite this, groundwater occurrence data in the peer reviewed literature for Europe has not been reviewed to date. Questions surrounding the effect, toxicity, movement in the subsurface and unsaturated zone make the process of regulating EOC use difficult. The aim in Europe is to develop a unified strategy for the classification, and prioritisation of EOCs to be monitored in groundwater. This paper compiles evidence from the recent published studies from across Europe, since 2012 when the last major literature global review of EOCs in groundwater took place. A total of 39 studies were identified for review based on specific selection criteria (geography, publication date, sample size>10, inclusion of EOCs data). Data on specific compounds, and associated meta-data are compiled and reviewed. The two most frequently detected EOCs, carbamazepine and caffeine, occurred in groundwater at concentrations of up to 2.3 and 14.8 μg/L, respectively

An in situ intercomparison exercise on passive samplers for the monitoring of metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and pesticides in surface water

An intercomparison exercise on passive samplers (PSs) was organized in summer 2010 for the measurement of selected metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and pesticides in surface waters. Various PSs were used and compared at 2 rivers sites and one marine lagoon. A total of 24 laboratories participated. We present selected significant outputs from this exercise, including discussion on quality assurance and quality control for PSs, the interlaboratory variability of field blanks, time weighted average water concentrations and its uncertainties, the representativity of DGT samples, the ability of PSs to lower limits of detection, PAH fingerprints in various PSs compared with spot samples, and the relevance of the permeability reference compounds (PRC) approach for POCIS with pesticides. These in situ intercomparison exercises should enable to progress on the harmonization of practices for the use of passive sampling, especially for priority chemical monitoring and regulatory programs in compliance with the Water Framework Directive (WFD) and Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD)

Measurement of pesticide residues from chemical control of the invasive Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in a maize experimental field in Mokwa, Nigeria

Open Access JournalThe management of the fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda in maize field necessitates the use a big quantities of insecticides and sometimes the use of multiple types and formulations of chemicals. The use of insecticides in crops is associated with environmental risks and health hazards to both producers and consumers. This study was designed to evaluate the residue of 11 insecticides that were used to control high population of the fall armyworm in maize field in Mokwa, Nigeria. Maize and soil samples were collected from an experimental field to investigate the residue level using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC, Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA) analysis techniques. Results revealed the presence of five insecticide compounds (Cypermethrin, Deltamethrin, Lambda-Cyhalothrin, Permethrin, and Chorpyrifos) in soil samples with possible adverse effects on soil born organisms and other non-targeted species. In contrast, no residue was found in maize stems and seeds. From these results, we conclude that the treated maize remains safe for consumption and the producers may not get any serious risk of contamination from the chemical control of the fall armywor

Rapid phenotyping for identification of rice resistant varieties to Diopsis apicalis (Diptera: Diopsidae) Westwood

Open Access JournalNineteen rice varieties were assessed against D. apicalis, under partially controlled environment in a screen-covered cage at AfricaRice-Benin. 20, 30, and 50 couples of insects per square meter per cage were released 20 days after sowing in a complete randomized block design. In a first mock-trial (without shade above the cages), no dead heart was observed. The symptoms appeared in the second trial with the addition of some palm tree branches on top of the cages, showing the importance of shade and humidity in the biology of diopsids. This trial was repeated twice including three repetitions, during the rainy and dry seasons in South Benin. The study showed that the percentage of infested plants increased with the number of released insects. Rice varieties TOG5681, RAM55, NERICA1, NERICA4, NERICA8, and CG14 were the most resistant whereas IR47, IR64, ITA306, and WAB56-104 were the most susceptible. Densities 20 and 30 couples of insects per square meter were the best for an efficient screening. The screen-covered cage made with local materials is a convenient way for national programs in developing countries to screen at a lower cost. This method is easy to implement, fast and can allow simultaneous testing of large inbred rice populations

Entomologie.

Les principaux rabageurs de la culture cotonnière du C-4; Suivi des ravageurs dans l'écosystème et prise de décision; Méthodes de lutte intégrée; Lutte variétale; Contrôle chimique et techniques d'application; Techiques d'appliction des produits.bitstream/item/142479/1/Entomologie.pdfCOTON-4. Idioma: Francês e Português

Climate change adaptation in conflict-affected countries:A systematic assessment of evidence

People affected by conflict are particularly vulnerable to climate shocks and climate change, yet little is known about climate change adaptation in fragile contexts. While climate events are one of the many contributing drivers of conflict, feedback from conflict increases vulnerability, thereby creating conditions for a vicious cycle of conflict. In this study, we carry out a systematic review of peer-reviewed literature, taking from the Global Adaptation Mapping Initiative (GAMI) dataset to documenting climate change adaptation occurring in 15 conflict-affected countries and compare the findings with records of climate adaptation finance flows and climate-related disasters in each country. Academic literature is sparse for most conflict-affected countries, and available studies tend to have a narrow focus, particularly on agriculture-related adaptation in rural contexts and adaptation by low-income actors. In contrast, multilateral and bilateral funding for climate change adaptation addresses a greater diversity of adaptation needs, including water systems, humanitarian programming, and urban areas. Even among the conflict-affected countries selected, we find disparity, with several countries being the focus of substantial research and funding, and others seeing little to none. Results indicate that people in conflict-affected contexts are adapting to climate change, but there is a pressing need for diverse scholarship across various sectors that documents a broader range of adaptation types and their results

An overview of anti-diabetic plants used in Gabon: Pharmacology and Toxicology

© 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Ethnopharmacological relevance: The management of diabetes mellitus management in African communities, especially in Gabon, is not well established as more than 60% of population rely on traditional treatments as primary healthcare. The aim of this review was to collect and present the scientific evidence for the use of medicinal plants that are in currect by Gabonese traditional healers to manage diabetes or hyperglycaemia based here on the pharmacological and toxicological profiles of plants with anti-diabetic activity. There are presented in order to promote their therapeutic value, ensure a safer use by population and provide some bases for further study on high potential plants reviewed. Materials and methods: Ethnobotanical studies were sourced using databases such as Online Wiley library, Pubmed, Google Scholar, PROTA, books and unpublished data including Ph.D. and Master thesis, African and Asian journals. Keywords including ‘Diabetes’ ‘Gabon’ ‘Toxicity’ ‘Constituents’ ‘hyperglycaemia’ were used. Results: A total of 69 plants currently used in Gabon with potential anti-diabetic activity have been identified in the literature, all of which have been used in in vivo or in vitro studies. Most of the plants have been studied in human or animal models for their ability to reduce blood glucose, stimulate insulin secretion or inhibit carbohydrates enzymes. Active substances have been identified in 12 out of 69 plants outlined in this review, these include Allium cepa and Tabernanthe iboga. Only eight plants have their active substances tested for anti-diabetic activity and are suitables for further investigation. Toxicological data is scarce and is dose-related to the functional parameters of major organs such as kidney and liver. Conclusion: An in-depth understanding on the pharmacology and toxicology of Gabonese anti-diabetic plants is lacking yet there is a great scope for new treatments. With further research, the use of Gabonese anti-diabetic plants is important to ensure the safety of the diabetic patients in Gabon.Peer reviewedFinal Accepted Versio