Regulation and competition in the Turkish telecommunications industry: an update

This chapter provides an overview of the state of liberalization, competition and regulation of major segments of the telecommunications industry in Turkey. It shows that the competitive stance of the regulatory authority and the development of actual competition has been uneven across segments. Specifically, the degree of competition has been higher in the mobile segment relative to fixed telephony or broadband. The chapter also discusses the new Electronic Communications Law and argues that although not perfect, it provides a coherent basis on which the regulatory authority can pursue competitive objectives in a more even manner. However, the actual development of competition will depend a lot on how the law and the ensuing secondary legislation are actually implemented

Harnessing nuclear spin polarization fluctuations in a semiconductor nanowire

Soon after the first measurements of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) in a condensed matter system, Bloch predicted the presence of statistical fluctuations proportional to $1/\sqrt{N}$ in the polarization of an ensemble of $N$ spins. First observed by Sleator et al., so-called "spin noise" has recently emerged as a critical ingredient in nanometer-scale magnetic resonance imaging (nanoMRI). This prominence is a direct result of MRI resolution improving to better than 100 nm^3, a size-scale in which statistical spin fluctuations begin to dominate the polarization dynamics. We demonstrate a technique that creates spin order in nanometer-scale ensembles of nuclear spins by harnessing these fluctuations to produce polarizations both larger and narrower than the natural thermal distribution. We focus on ensembles containing ~10^6 phosphorus and hydrogen spins associated with single InP and GaP nanowires (NWs) and their hydrogen-containing adsorbate layers. We monitor, control, and capture fluctuations in the ensemble's spin polarization in real-time and store them for extended periods. This selective capture of large polarization fluctuations may provide a route for enhancing the weak magnetic signals produced by nanometer-scale volumes of nuclear spins. The scheme may also prove useful for initializing the nuclear hyperfine field of electron spin qubits in the solid-state.Comment: 18 pages, 5 figure

Quantum Storage of Photonic Entanglement in a Crystal

Entanglement is the fundamental characteristic of quantum physics. Large experimental efforts are devoted to harness entanglement between various physical systems. In particular, entanglement between light and material systems is interesting due to their prospective roles as "flying" and stationary qubits in future quantum information technologies, such as quantum repeaters and quantum networks. Here we report the first demonstration of entanglement between a photon at telecommunication wavelength and a single collective atomic excitation stored in a crystal. One photon from an energy-time entangled pair is mapped onto a crystal and then released into a well-defined spatial mode after a predetermined storage time. The other photon is at telecommunication wavelength and is sent directly through a 50 m fiber link to an analyzer. Successful transfer of entanglement to the crystal and back is proven by a violation of the Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt (CHSH) inequality by almost three standard deviations (S=2.64+/-0.23). These results represent an important step towards quantum communication technologies based on solid-state devices. In particular, our resources pave the way for building efficient multiplexed quantum repeaters for long-distance quantum networks.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures + supplementary information; fixed typo in ref. [36

Demonstration of entanglement-by-measurement of solid state qubits

Projective measurements are a powerful tool for manipulating quantum states. In particular, a set of qubits can be entangled by measurement of a joint property such as qubit parity. These joint measurements do not require a direct interaction between qubits and therefore provide a unique resource for quantum information processing with well-isolated qubits. Numerous schemes for entanglement-by-measurement of solid-state qubits have been proposed, but the demanding experimental requirements have so far hindered implementations. Here we realize a two-qubit parity measurement on nuclear spins in diamond by exploiting the electron spin of a nitrogen-vacancy center as readout ancilla. The measurement enables us to project the initially uncorrelated nuclear spins into maximally entangled states. By combining this entanglement with high-fidelity single-shot readout we demonstrate the first violation of Bells inequality with solid-state spins. These results open the door to a new class of experiments in which projective measurements are used to create, protect and manipulate entanglement between solid-state qubits.Comment: 6 pages, 4 figure

Economic liberalization and the antecedents of top management teams: evidence from Turkish 'big' business

There has been an increased interest in the last two decades in top management teams (TMTs) of business firms. Much of the research, however, has been US-based and concerned primarily with TMT effects on organizational outcomes. The present study aims to expand this literature by examining the antecedents of top team composition in the context of macro-level economic change in a late-industrializing country. The post-1980 trade and market reforms in Turkey provided the empirical setting. Drawing upon the literatures on TMT and chief executive characteristics together with punctuated equilibrium models of change and institutional theory, the article develops the argument that which firm-level factors affect which attributes of TMT formations varies across the early and late stages of economic liberalization. Results of the empirical investigation of 71 of the largest industrial firms in Turkey broadly supported the hypotheses derived from this premise. In the early stages of economic liberalization the average age and average organizational tenure of TMTs were related to the export orientation of firms, whereas in later stages, firm performance became a major predictor of these team attributes. Educational background characteristics of teams appeared to be under stronger institutional pressures, altering in different ways in the face of macro-level change

Accumulation of nonylphenol in gold fish and suckermouth catfish in the semi static aquarium system

[No abstract available

Turkish population data on the HLA-DQα, LDLR, GYPA, HBGG, D7S8, and GC loci

We have determined the allele and genotype frequencies of six PCR-based genetic markers HLA-DQα, LDLR, GYPA, HBGG, D7S8 and GC in the Turkish population (n = 361 for HLA-DQα, and n = 260 for PM). All loci meet Hardy- Weinberg expectations. The frequency data can be used in forensic analyses in the Turkish population

The EU-Turkey customs union: A model for future euro-med integration

The EU-Turkey CU has been a major instrument of integration of the Turkish economy into the EU and global markets, offering powerful tools to reform the Turkish economy. The experience can serve as an example to those SEMC that would like to get their economies closer to European and global markets. © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015

"Türkiye ve Pakistan yerli koyun ırklarında prion protein geni polimorfizmleri taranması"

TÜBİTAK TOVAG01.01.2012Koyun ve keçilerin inkübasyon süresi uzun, ölümcül, merkezi sinir sistemini etkileyen (nörodejeneratif) bir hastalığı olan skrapi; birçok memeli türünü etkileyen bulaşıcı süngerimsi ensefalopatilerden (Transmissible Spongyform Encephalopathy -TSE) yani prion protein hastalıklarından biridir. Koyunda üç ekzon ve iki introndan oluşan prion protein geninde üçüncü ekzon bölgesinde halen 50’den fazla nokta mutasyonu polimorfizmi (TNP) gözlenmiştir. Ancak, skrapiye direnç / hassasiyeti belirleyen prion protein gen bölgesindeki mutasyonların 136, 141, 154 ve 171. kodonlarına dayalı genotiplerin olduğu bildirilmektedir. Avrupa-Asya yelpazesinde birikmiş verilerin çoğunlukla Avrupa’dan olduğu dikkat çekicidir. Halbuki arkeolojik ve genetik veriler Orta Doğu’nun koyun evcilleştirme merkezi olduğunu göstermektedir. Ancak, yapılan çalışmalar incelendiğinde bu bölgeden verilerin daha sınırlı olduğu görülmektedir. Bu çalışmada, skrapi vakasının rapor edilmediği Türkiye yerli koyun ırklarında prion protein gen polimorfizminin 15 farklı populasyonda incelemesi yapılmıştır. Çalışmada prion protein gen bölgesinin 3’üncü ekzon bölgesine ait 745 bç (baz çifti) uzunluğundaki bölgesi 655 bireyde sekanslanarak çalışılmıştır. Elde edilen veriler, Türkiye’de skrapiyi önlemeden sorumlu otoriteler, hayvan yetiştirme birlikleri ve üniversitelerin araştırma birimlerince kullanılması açısından yararlıdır. Ayrıca veriler, Dünya’daki PrP protein polimorfizm verilerinin coğrafi dağılımındaki büyük boşluğu önemli ölçüde doldurmuştur. Çalışmada elde edilen detaylı veriler fonksiyonu tam olarak bilinmeyen PrP protein bölgesinin hangi evrimsel güçler etkisinde olabileceği ile ilgili bilgilere katkılarda bulunmaktadır.Scrapie is an infectious fatal disease of sheep and it is a member of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSE) (or a prion disease) and affects the central nervous system. Susceptibility to scrapie is associated with polymorphisms in sheep prion protein (PrP) gene, based on their genotypes at codons 136, 141, 154 and 171. In Europe-Asia spectrum, accumulated data is mostly from Europe. Whereas, archeological and genetic evidences indicated that Middle East is the heart of sheep domestication and all of the sheep breeds must have went out from this region. Yet, data from this region is preliminary. The main purpose of the study is to collect an extensive data,covering 14 breeds 15 different populations represented by 655 individuals where each of which are sequenced for 745 base pairs of PrP 3rd exon region. It will be a data where individuals were from Turkey from which scrapie incidence was not reported. This data is important and useful for the authorities responsible from the risk management of scrapie in Turkey, for animal breeders association and for research units of universities. At the same time, it will, considerably, fill the big gap which is present in the data of geographic distribution of PrP polymorphisms in the world. The detailed data obtained by the study will contribute to the understanding of evolutionary mechanisms operating on the PrP gene of which the function is unknown

Population Genomic History of the Endangered Anatolian and Cyprian Mouflons in Relation to Worldwide Wild, Feral, and Domestic Sheep Lineages

Once widespread in their homelands, the Anatolian mouflon (Ovis gmelini anatolica) and the Cyprian mouflon (Ovis gmelini ophion) were driven to near extinction during the 20th century and are currently listed as endangered populations by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. While the exact origins of these lineages remain unclear, they have been suggested to be close relatives of domestic sheep or remnants of proto-domestic sheep. Here, we study whole genome sequences of n = 5 Anatolian mouflons and n = 10 Cyprian mouflons in terms of population history and diversity, comparing them with eight other extant sheep lineages. We find reciprocal genetic affinity between Anatolian and Cyprian mouflons and domestic sheep, higher than all other studied wild sheep genomes, including the Iranian mouflon (O. gmelini). Studying diversity indices, we detect a considerable load of short runs of homozygosity blocks (<2 Mb) in both Anatolian and Cyprian mouflons, reflecting small effective population size (N-e). Meanwhile, N-e and mutation load estimates are lower in Cyprian compared with Anatolian mouflons, suggesting the purging of recessive deleterious variants in Cyprian sheep under a small long-term N-e, possibly attributable to founder effects, island isolation, introgression from domestic lineages, or differences in their bottleneck dynamics. Expanding our analyses to worldwide wild and feral Ovis genomes, we observe varying viability metrics among different lineages and a limited consistency between viability metrics and International Union for Conservation of Nature conservation status. Factors such as recent inbreeding, introgression, and unique population dynamics may have contributed to the observed disparities