Morphometric look at the primary and recurrent endometriomas

The aim of this study was to investigate the morphometric characteristics of ectopic endometrial ceils in primary and recurrent endometriosis. Samples were obtained from 46 women with endometriosis and 15 primary with recurrent cysts. Slice thickness of 4 mm. These sections were stained in the usual way with hematoxylin-eosin and subjected to optical microscopy using immersion objective with a total capacity of 10 optical x 100. As a result of the study showed an increase in almost all morphometric parameters in primary cysts that may be said about the higher proliferative activity of the basal cells of ectopic endometrium primary endometriomas compared with recurrent cysts.Целью данного исследования было изучение морфометрических характеристик эктопических эндометриальных клеток в первичных и рецидивирующих эндометриомах. Образцы были получены от 46 женщин с первичными эндометриомами и 15 с рецидивирующими кистами. Полученные срезы окрашивали обычным способом гематоксилин-эозином и подвергали оптической микроскопии с использованием иммерсионного объектива с общей оптической мощностью 10 х 100. В результате проведенного исследования было выявлено увеличение почти всех морфометрических параметров в первичных кистах, что, возможно, говорит о более высокой пролиферативной активности базальных клеток эктопического эндометрия первичных эндометриом по сравнению с рецидивирующими кистами

Deficient mismatch repair: Read all about it (Review)

Defects in the DNA mismatch repair (MMR) proteins, result in a phenotype called microsatellite instability (MSI), occurring in up to 15% of sporadic colorectal cancers. Approximately one quarter of colon cancers with deficient MMR (dMMR) develop as a result of an inherited predisposition syndrome, Lynch syndrome (formerly known as HNPCC). It is essential to identify patients who potentially have Lynch syndrome, as not only they, but also family members, may require screening and monitoring. Diagnostic criteria have been developed, based primarily on Western populations, and several methodologies are available to identify dMMR tumours, including immunohistochemistry and microsatellite testing. These criteria have provided evidence supporting the introduction of reflex testing. Yet, it is becoming increasingly clear that tests have a limited sensitivity and specificity and may yet be superseded by next generation sequencing. In this review, the limitations of diagnostic criteria are discussed, and current and emerging screening technologies explained. There is now useful evidence supporting the prognostic and predictive value of dMMR status in colorectal tumours, but much less is known about their value in extracolonic tumours, that may also feature in Lynch syndrome. This review assesses current literature relating to dMMR in endometrial, ovarian, gastric and melanoma cancers, which it would seem, may benefit from large-scale clinical trials in order to further close the gap in knowledge between colorectal and extracolonic tumours

Clinicopathological, genomic and immunological factors in colorectal cancer prognosis

Background: Numerous factors affect the prognosis of colorectal cancer (CRC), many of which have long been identified, such as patient demographics and the multidisciplinary team. In more recent years, molecular and immunological biomarkers have been shown to have a significant influence on patient outcomes. Whilst some of these biomarkers still require ongoing validation, if proven to be worthwhile they may change our understanding and future management of CRC. The aim of this review was to identify the key prognosticators of CRC, including new molecular and immunological biomarkers, and outline how these might fit into the whole wider context for patients. Methods: Relevant references were identified through keyword searches of PubMed and Embase Ovid SP databases. Results: In recent years there have been numerous studies outlining molecular markers of prognosis in CRC. In particular, the Immunoscore® has been shown to hold strong prognostic value. Other molecular biomarkers are useful in guiding treatment decisions, such as mutation testing of genes in the epidermal growth factor receptor pathway. However, epidemiological studies continue to show that patient demographics are fundamental in predicting outcomes. Conclusion: Current strategies for managing CRC are strongly dependent on clinicopathological staging, although molecular testing is increasingly being implemented into routine clinical practice. As immunological biomarkers are further validated, their testing may also become routine. To obtain clinically useful information from new biomarkers, it is important to implement them into a model that includes all underlying fundamental factors, as this will enable the best possible outcomes and deliver true precision medicine

Combined analysis of HLA class I, HLA-E and HLA-G predicts prognosis in colon cancer patients

Stemcel biology/Regenerative medicine (incl. bloodtransfusion