A Method for Establishing Outdoor Recreation Project Priorities in Alaska

The authors thank Theodore Smith, Edward Kramer and Nat Goodhue of the Division of Parks for information and comments supplied during this study, and Frank Orth, Charles Marsh, Ed Kramer, C.E. Logsdon, and Frank Wooding for reviewing the manuscript. Thanks is also due the Department of Business Administration, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Dale Swanson, Head, for their cooperation in this research project.The objectives of this study are to define outdoor recreation benefits to the public and to develop a priority ranking method for proposed outdoor recreation projects. A careful analysis of the benefits which people derive from outdoor recreation provides a frame of reference for evaluating a recreational facility. A project should supply those benefits which are most highly demanded by the public. Fifteen benefits of recreation are defined and discussed. They are divided into two major categories; those which accrue to recreational participants and those which accrue to non-participants.This research was supported by a grant from the Division of Parks, State of Alaska

Gravity darkening and brightening in binaries

We apply a von Zeipel gravity darkening model to corotating binaries to obtain a simple, analytical expression for the emergent radiative flux from a tidally distorted primary orbiting a point-mass secondary. We adopt a simple Roche model to determine the envelope structure of the primary, assumed massive and centrally condensed, and use the results to calculate the flux. As for single rotating stars, gravity darkening reduces the flux along the stellar equator of the primary, but, unlike for rotating stars, we find that gravity brightening enhances the flux in a region around the stellar poles. We identify a critical limiting separation beyond which hydrostatic equilibrium no longer is possible, whereby the flux vanishes at the point on the stellar equator of the primary facing the companion. For equal-mass binaries, the total luminosity is reduced by about 13 % when this limiting separation is reached.Comment: 7 pages, 5 figures, matches version published in Astrophysical Journa

Charged multivesicular body protein 4b forms complexes with gap junction proteins during lens fiber cell differentiation

Charged multivesicular body protein 4b (CHMP4B) is a core sub-unit of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport III (ESCRT-III) machinery that serves myriad remodeling and scission processes of biological membranes. Mutation of the human CHMP4B gene underlies rare forms of early-onset lens opacities or cataracts, and CHMP4B is required for lens growth and differentiation in mice. Here, we determine the sub-cellular distribution of CHMP4B in the lens and uncover a novel association with gap junction alpha-3 protein (GJA3) or connexin 46 (Cx46) and GJA8 or Cx50. Immunofluorescence confocal microscopy revealed that CHMP4B localized to cell membranes of elongated fiber cells in the outer cortex of the lens-where large gap junction plaques begin to form-particularly, on the broad faces of these flattened hexagon-like cells in cross-section. Dual immunofluorescence imaging showed that CHMP4B co-localized with gap junction plaques containing Cx46 and/or Cx50. When combined with the in situ proximity ligation assay, immunofluorescence confocal imaging indicated that CHMP4B lay in close physical proximity to Cx46 and Cx50. In Cx46-knockout (Cx46-KO) lenses, CHMP4B-membrane distribution was similar to that of wild-type, whereas, in Cx50-KO lenses, CHMP4B localization to fiber cell membranes was lost. Immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting analyses revealed that CHMP4B formed complexes with Cx46 and Cx50 in vitro. Collectively, our data suggest that CHMP4B forms plasma membrane complexes, either directly and/or indirectly, with gap junction proteins Cx46 and Cx50 that are often associated with ball-and-socket double-membrane junctions during lens fiber cell differentiation

Direct oral anticoagulants‐Remove versus Taipan snake venom time for detection of a lupus anticoagulant in patients taking oral direct factor Xa inhibitors

Background: The optimal method of detecting a lupus anticoagulant (LA) for patients taking direct factor Xa inhibitor (DFXaI) direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) remains controversial. Methods include charcoal adsorption of the DOACs to allow testing with the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and dilute Russell viper venom time (dRVVT), or use of the DFXaI‐insensitive Taipan snake venom time (TSVT) and Ecarin time (ET) assays on neat plasma. Objectives: The objective was to compare the utility of APTT and dRVVT analysis following DOAC Remove against TSVT/ET on untreated plasma for LA detection in spiked plasmas and routine clinical samples for patients on DFXaIs. Patients/methods: Various LA‐negative and LA‐positive samples were assayed by APTT, dRVVT, and TSVT/ET, and then separately spiked with rivaroxaban, apixaban, and edoxaban calibrators to a concentration of ~190 ng/ml and the assays repeated on spiked plasma before and after DOAC Remove treatment. Testing of 284 consecutive samples from DFXaI‐anticoagulated patients by APTT/dRVVT and TSVT/ET before and after DOAC Remove treatment was undertaken. Results: In the spiking model, we found that both TSVT/ET and DOAC Remove strategies generally distinguished LA‐negative and LA‐positive samples, but some false‐positive LA results occurred. In the investigation of 284 consecutive patient samples on DFXaIs, the percentage agreement for LA detection in neat samples tested by TSVT/ET versus APTT and dRVVT after DOAC Remove treatment was 90% (Cohen kappa 0.12). Conclusion: Our data highlight uncertainty and disagreement for testing LA in patients on DFXaI. Further studies are required

Real-Time Detection of Optical Transients with RAPTOR

Fast variability of optical objects is an interesting though poorly explored subject in modern astronomy. Real-time data processing and identification of transient celestial events in the images is very important for such study as it allows rapid follow-up with more sensitive instruments. We discuss an approach which we have developed for the RAPTOR project, a pioneering closed-loop system combining real-time transient detection with rapid follow-up. RAPTOR's data processing pipeline is able to identify and localize an optical transient within seconds after the observation. The testing we performed so far have been confirming the effectiveness of our method for the optical transient detection. The software pipeline we have developed for RAPTOR can easily be applied to the data from other experiments.Comment: 10 pages, 7 figures, to appear in SPIE proceedings vol. 484

Annotated bibliography of observations on Illinois water resources 1673-1850

This study is concerned with the development of the water resources to the middle of the nineteenth century. The works involved in it are the French accounts of their travels in the Illinois Country in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries; the accounts of the later eighteenth century, during the British period (1763-1783) when the Northwest was closed by royal proclamation to settlement; and the accounts of the nineteenth century when settlement began, primarily in the southern part of the State and, less formally, in the lead region of the northwest corner. By the middle of the century, Illinois reached the stage of sophisticated development; the Federal lands in the State had, almost all been entered, and the frontier had moved westward. An introductory text illustrates the nature of the findings, both as to observations, as well as the influence of the resources themselves, on the growth of the State of Illinois. An extensively annotated bibliography consists of travel narratives and descriptive accounts of Illinois written by observers who were in the State or who wrote of the State between the years 1673 and 1850. These limits were chosen because the first recorded European set foot on Illinois soil in 1673, and after the middle of the nineteenth century the official State and Federal geological reports can be relied upon. The works included in this list were chosen because the authors of them recorded observations bearing on the state of the water resources in Illinois at the time of their visits or publication. The entries in the bibliography consist of the titles, an introductory and summary paragraph, and the pertinent selections from the works.U.S. Department of the InteriorU.S. Geological SurveyOpe

Movement of Bacteria Through Macropores to Ground Water

Effects of soil type, flow rate, antecedent soil moisture and other factors on transport of E. coli through soils was measured on disturbed and intact columns 20 cm in diameter by 25 to 30 cm in depth. Added E. coli were distinguished from indigenous microbes using an antibiotic resistance marker. Transport of Cl- and 3H2O was also measured. Up to 96 percent of the bacteria irrigated onto the surface of intact columns were recovered in the effluent. Soil structure appeared to be related to the extent of transport. Columns prepared from mixed, repacked soil were much more effective bacterial filters than the intact soils. As rate of water input increased, the fraction of E. coli recovered in the effluent increased. We concluded that flow through soil macropores, which by-passes the adsorptive or retentive capacities of the soil matrix, is conclusion was supported by the behavior of a common phenomenon. This conclusion was supported by the behavior of Cl- and 3H2O. In waste disposal systems dependent on purification in the soil profile, this could significantly increase the probability of groundwater contamination by microbes. The effects of native soil structure (macropores) must be considered in the evaluation of these purification systems

Wright: Comparative Conflict Resolution Procedures in Taxation

A Review of Comparative Conflict Resolution Procedures in Taxation edited by L. Hart Wrigh