The Porosity And Permeability Distribution Of The Shoal Grainstone And Thrombolitic Facies Of The Smackover Formation In Little Cedar Creek And Brooklyn Fields In Southwestern Alabama

The Smackover Formation is the most prolific hydrocarbon producer in Alabama, with the Little Cedar Creek and Brooklyn Fields being the two largest producers in Alabama. Unlike other Smackover fields Little Cedar Creek Field and Brooklyn Field production is the result of two reservoirs, known as the shoal grainstone and thrombolite (microbial) boundstone. Even with the success of the Smackover Formation, geographic trends of the porosity and permeability are problematic because production is affected. The distribution of the facies also plays a role in the porosity and permeability. The objective of this study is to delineate porosity and permeability trends of the shoal grainstone and thrombolite facies to the lithofacies that appear in Smackover Formation in Little Cedar Creek and Brooklyn Fields. Seven distinct lithofacies appear throughout the Little Cedar Creek and Brooklyn Fields categorized from top to bottom; (S-1) peritidal lime mudstone-wackestone; (S-2) tidal channel conglomeratic floatstone-rudstone; (S-3) peloid-ooid shoal grainstone-packstone (upper reservoir); (S-4) subtidal lime wackestone-mudstone; (S-5) microbially-influenced packstone-wackestone; (S-6) subtidal clotted peloidal thrombolite boundstone (lower reservoir); (S-7) transgressive lime mudstone-dolostone. The oolitic grainstone (S-3) and thrombolite reservoir (S-6) reservoir are affected by the tidal channel conglomerate facies and the lime mudstone-dolostone facies that emerge within the Smackover. The data indicates that values for porosity and permeability can be established in Little Cedar Creek and Brooklyn Fields but cannot be the only tools employed to determine future production within these two fields or other Smackover fields that demonstrate the same quality. The oolitic grainstone is affected by the tidal channel facies, which affects the porosity and permeability and in turn oil and gas production because when the tidal channel appears the oolitic grainstone facies disappears. When the microbially-influenced packstone-wackestone facies is well developed and the lime mudstone-dolostone facies is thick, the thrombolite boundstone facies tends to disappear causing porosity and permeability to be affected

The California Bridge Model For Emergency Department-Initiated Medication-Assisted Treatment For Opioid Use Disorder: Adaptations For Perinatal Hospital Services

Background: Poor access to gender-specific, pregnancy-focused medication-assisted treatment for perinatal opioid use disorder greatly contributes to adverse outcomes for pregnant patients, infants, and society, at large. It is well established that Emergency Department-initiated pharmacotherapy for opioid use disorder is safe, effective, and can be rapidly adopted by hospital systems to improve access to care for people who misuse opioids. Like the Emergency Department, perinatal hospital services are well positioned to serve as critical access points in the treatment of perinatal opioid use disorder. However, concerns such as lack of training, workflow inefficiencies, and bias act as barriers to co-located, integrated care. Objective: Patterned after the California Bridge Model for Emergency Department-initiated medication-assisted treatment, this Doctor of Nursing Practice project developed and implemented a pilot training program designed to educate registered nurses and social workers on the requisite and contextualized knowledge, skills, and resources needed to improve the quality of care for patients with opioid use disorder. Design: A one-group, test-retest, evidence-based quality improvement project evaluated how a pre-recorded, 20-minute, asynchronous, on-demand educational intervention impacted knowledge acquisition and opioid use disorder care plan utilization

Simultaneous multiplane imaging with reverberation multiphoton microscopy

Multiphoton microscopy (MPM) has gained enormous popularity over the years for its capacity to provide high resolution images from deep within scattering samples1. However, MPM is generally based on single-point laser-focus scanning, which is intrinsically slow. While imaging speeds as fast as video rate have become routine for 2D planar imaging, such speeds have so far been unattainable for 3D volumetric imaging without severely compromising microscope performance. We demonstrate here 3D volumetric (multiplane) imaging at the same speed as 2D planar (single plane) imaging, with minimal compromise in performance. Specifically, multiple planes are acquired by near-instantaneous axial scanning while maintaining 3D micron-scale resolution. Our technique, called reverberation MPM, is well adapted for large-scale imaging in scattering media with low repetition-rate lasers, and can be implemented with conventional MPM as a simple add-on.Accepted manuscrip

Osmotic Edema Rapidly Increases Neuronal Excitability Through Activation of NMDA Receptor-Dependent Slow Inward Currents in Juvenile and Adult Hippocampus.

Cellular edema (cell swelling) is a principal component of numerous brain disorders including ischemia, cortical spreading depression, hyponatremia, and epilepsy. Cellular edema increases seizure-like activity in vitro and in vivo, largely through nonsynaptic mechanisms attributable to reduction of the extracellular space. However, the types of excitability changes occurring in individual neurons during the acute phase of cell volume increase remain unclear. Using whole-cell patch clamp techniques, we report that one of the first effects of osmotic edema on excitability of CA1 pyramidal cells is the generation of slow inward currents (SICs), which initiate after approximately 1 min. Frequency of SICs increased as osmolarity decreased in a dose-dependent manner. Imaging of real-time volume changes in astrocytes revealed that neuronal SICs occurred while astrocytes were still in the process of swelling. SICs evoked by cell swelling were mainly nonsynaptic in origin and NMDA receptor-dependent. To better understand the relationship between SICs and changes in neuronal excitability, recordings were performed in increasingly physiological conditions. In the absence of any added pharmacological reagents or imposed voltage clamp, osmotic edema induced excitatory postsynaptic potentials and burst firing over the same timecourse as SICs. Like SICs, action potentials were blocked by NMDAR antagonists. Effects were more pronounced in adult (8-20 weeks old) compared with juvenile (P15-P21) mice. Together, our results indicate that cell swelling triggered by reduced osmolarity rapidly increases neuronal excitability through activation of NMDA receptors. Our findings have important implications for understanding nonsynaptic mechanisms of epilepsy in relation to cell swelling and reduction of the extracellular space

Backward stochastic differential equations with non-Markovian singular terminal values

We solve a class of BSDE with a power function f (y) = y(q), q > 1, driving its drift and with the terminal boundary condition xi = infinity . 1( B(m,r)c )(for which q > 2 is assumed) or xi = infinity . 1B(m,r), where B(m, r) is the ball in the path space C([0,T]) of the underlying Brownian motion centered at the constant function m and radius r. The solution involves the derivation and solution of a related heat equation in which f serves as a reaction term and which is accompanied by singular and discontinuous Dirichlet boundary conditions. Although the solution of the heat equation is discontinuous at the corners of the domain, the BSDE has continuous sample paths with the prescribed terminal value

Alternative outlets for sustaining photosynthetic electron transport during dark-to-light transitions.

Environmental stresses dramatically impact the balance between the production of photosynthetically derived energetic electrons and Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle (CBBC) activity; an imbalance promotes accumulation of reactive oxygen species and causes cell damage. Hence, photosynthetic organisms have developed several strategies to route electrons toward alternative outlets that allow for storage or harmless dissipation of their energy. In this work, we explore the activities of three essential outlets associated with Chlamydomonas reinhardtii photosynthetic electron transport: (i) reduction of O2 to H2O through flavodiiron proteins (FLVs) and (ii) plastid terminal oxidases (PTOX) and (iii) the synthesis of starch. Real-time measurements of O2 exchange have demonstrated that FLVs immediately engage during dark-to-light transitions, allowing electron transport when the CBBC is not fully activated. Under these conditions, we quantified maximal FLV activity and its overall capacity to direct photosynthetic electrons toward O2 reduction. However, when starch synthesis is compromised, a greater proportion of the electrons is directed toward O2 reduction through both the FLVs and PTOX, suggesting an important role for starch synthesis in priming/regulating CBBC and electron transport. Moreover, partitioning energized electrons between sustainable (starch; energetic electrons are recaptured) and nonsustainable (H2O; energetic electrons are not recaptured) outlets is part of the energy management strategy of photosynthetic organisms that allows them to cope with the fluctuating conditions encountered in nature. Finally, unmasking the repertoire and control of such energetic reactions offers new directions for rational redesign and optimization of photosynthesis to satisfy global demands for food and other resources