A microscopic study of the trichomes on gynoecia of normal and tetraploid Clark cultivars of Glycine max and seven near isogenic lines

The surfaces of gynoecia of Glycine max cultivars—normal Clark, a tetraploid Clark, and seven isolines—display variations in at least three types of trichomes. The normal Clark soybean gynoecium has at least three and possibly four types of trichomes: a two‐ to four‐celled, elongate, thick‐walled trichome (TWT), an elongate thin‐walled unicellular trichome (UCT), a secretory multicellular trichome (MCT), and an elongate thin‐walled bicellular trichome that we have interpreted as an immature TWT. All these types are present on the gynoecium by 1 d before anthesis. After fertilization, the UCT is rare, but the other types continue to initiate and develop on the young pod. During flowering, the UCT and the MCT are distributed along the ovary from the base of the gynoecium to the top of the ovary. The TWT forms primarily along the dorsal side of the style. The Clark tetraploid and the extra-dense, dense 1, dense 2, sharp hair tip, sparse, and puberulent isolines have all four types of trichomes on their gynoecia, although TWTs and UCTs are very short in the puberulent isoline. The glabrous isoline is missing the TWT but has a short, thin‐walled trichome that occurs infrequently, mainly along the dorsal side of the style. The ratio of TWTs on the gynoecium of the normal Clark to those on the isolines is 1:4 on extra-dense, 1:3 on dense 2, 1:1.6 on dense 1, 1:2 on the tetraploid, 1:0.5 on the sparse, and 1:0.2 on the puberulent. There is a positive correlation between the expanded distribution of TWTs onto other parts of the gynoecium and increased pubescence of TWTs on the gynoecium. The numbers and morphology of MCTs are similar in the normal Clark, the tetraploid, and the seven isolines, except for extra-dense, where the numbers of MCTs are suppressed. The numbers of UCTs were significantly greater on the extra-dense, dense 2, and dense 1 isolines than on the normal Clark, but distribution was the same. During early pod development, TWTs and MCTs are most prominent, indicating that the UCTs either disappear or may be a precursor of TWTs. No functions are known for any of the types of trichomes on soybean gynoecia, but possible roles are discussed

Calcium oxalate crystal macropatterns in leaves of species from groups Glycine and Shuteria (Glycininae; Phaseoleae; Papilionoideae; Fabaceae)

Calcium oxalate crystal macropatterns in leaves were characterized for 69 species (and two Glycine tomentella cytotypes) from 14 of 16 genera in two legume groups, Glycine and Shuteria, to determine whether they share a common macropattern. A leaf clearing method was used to visualize the crystals. All 69 species (and two Glycine tomentella cytotypes) displayed prismatic crystals associated with leaf veins and vein endings. In contrast, mesophyll crystals occurred in 76.8% of 69 species and two G. tomentella cytotypes, and varied from a few to many. Conversely, only 40.9% of 22 Glycine species (in group Glycine) lacked mesophyll crystals, while 8.7% of 23 species of six genera associated with Glycine (in group Glycine) lacked mesophyll crystals. Thus 24.4% of 45 species of seven combined genera in group Glycine lacked mesophyll crystals. With seven genera in group Shuteria, 20.8% of 24 species lacked mesophyll crystals. The consistently present vein crystals varied in size and shape, so their length–width (Stubby versus Long) crystal ratios were determined for primary, secondary, and tertiary veins, and vein endings. Two trends were evident: Long-crystal ratios increased from primary veins to vein endings in species in both groups, and the perennial and annual Glycine species showed this condition to a greater extent than all the non-Glycine species. In some cases, taxonomically closely associated species were quite similar in their macropattern and presence or absence of mesophyll crystals. These results should be of value to future studies dealing with taxonomy and phylogeny of species in these two leguminous groups

Lucretius' De rerum natura and satire

This dissertation provides the first extended, systematic analysis of De Rerum Natura (DRN)'s engagement with the Graeco-Roman satiric traditions and argues that DRN plays an important part in the development of the Roman genre of satire. Chapter 1 treats key preliminaries to the topic: the prior scholarship on satire in DRN, the typology of ancient didactic, the poem's contexts (literary, philosophical, intellectual), the distinction between the mode of satire and the genre of satire, and methodology. Chapter 2's first half develops a portrait of the satirist-figure in Graeco-Roman literature, in a synthesis of satiric poetry (works that employ the broader mode of satire, as opposed to works of the actual Roman genre of satire) and current scholarship on the topic: the satirist employs a personal voice of comic mockery from a self-contradictory position of moral superiority and social abjection. Chapter 2's second half evaluates how DRN's speaker takes on the role of satirist both in familiar diatribal or invective passages (against the Presocratics in book 1, the fear of death in 3, love in 4) and in other passages less often connected with satire and comic mockery. Chapter 3 focuses on other features of DRN's engagement with the satiric mode, particularly the formal characteristics of satire and the tensions between satire and didactic in both satiric literature and DRN--which, as both chapters show, deserves inclusion in the category of satiric literature. Chapter 4 turns to the Roman genre of satire. After examination of ancient definitions of the genre, the term satura, and the programmatic statements by later satirists about Lucilius, the chapter considers the thematic, stylistic, generic, and poetic connections between DRN and earlier Roman satire--not only Lucilius but also Ennius' Saturae. Chapter 5 argues that DRN takes advantage of generic tropes in Roman satire; that Lucretius' poem influences how the later satirists Horace, Persius, and Juvenal use such tropes; and that these satirists allude prominently to DRN. The chapter also argues that the ends of DRN books 2-6 are satires on Roman civic life. A general conclusion speculates on implications of the dissertation's line of inquiry

Globalisation or regionalism? States, markets and the structure of international trade

The structure of international trade is determined not only by market forces, but also by the political objectives of states. Weak states participate least in the open international trading system. The strong states that do participate channel trade largely within regional trading blocks. The major states in Europe and East Asia have an incentive to diminish their dependence on the hegemonic power, that is, the United States, which has reacted with its own regionalism (NAFTA). Moreover, regionalism is interpreted as a strategy that reduces states’ exposure to major shocks in the global economy. Additionally, it permits them to support weak sectors of their economies at a regional level without entirely undermining the longterm growth benefits of international trade, since a substantial degree of autarky is more feasible and efficient at a regional rather than at the national level

What are the ethical and legal considerations when your patient refuses the standard of care?

In medical practice, physicians are sometimes faced with patients who reject the gold-standard treatment for a condition. In this hypothetical clinical scenario, we present the case of a patient who refuses Mohs micrographic surgery for management of infiltrative basal cell carcinoma and instead requests off-label therapy with imiquimod. We discuss the treating dermatologist's options in response to this patient's request and the ethical considerations surrounding the case. We conclude that the physician has the right to refuse to provide treatment that deviates from standard clinical practice but that the physician should counsel the patient on all options, provide thorough informed consent, offer contact information for the patient to pursue a second opinion or a radiation oncology referral, and ensure safe transfer of care should the patient desire treatment with a different provider

Sacrifice and ritual imagery in Menander, Plautus, and Terence

This thesis offers a systematic analysis of sacrifice and ritual in New Comedy. Sacrifice normally signifies a healthy community, often celebrating a family reunification. Menander, Plautus, and Terence treat sacrifice remarkably, each in a different way. In Menander, sacrifice seals the formation of healthy citizen marriages; in Plautus, it operates to negotiate theatrical power between characters. When characters use sacrificial imagery, they are essentially asserting authority over other characters or agency over the play. Both playwrights mark habitual sacrificers, particularly citizen females, as morally upright. Terence, by contrast, stunningly withholds sacrifice altogether, to underscore the emotional dysfunction among the citizen classes in his plays. Chapter 1 sets sacrifice in its historical and theatrical context. Chapter 2 considers how sacrifice might have been presented onstage; chapter 3 examines its theatrical functions. Chapter 4 focuses on gender and status issues, and chapter 5 moves out from sacrifice to ritual and religion overall

Birds of the University of Wisconsin Arboretum

This paper records for the information of the bird students, the birds seen on the University of Wisconsin Arboretum between 1933 and 1941

Intravitreal Dexamethasone in the Management of Delayed-Onset Bleb-Associated Endophthalmitis

Purpose. To report the visual acuity (VA) outcomes and culture results of delayed-onset bleb-associated endophthalmitis (BAE) with and without intravitreal dexamethasone (IVD). Methods. Retrospective nonrandomized comparative case series of BAE at Bascom Palmer Eye Institute between January 1, 1996 and December 31, 2009. Clinical data were compared using the 2-sided Student's t-test for patients who received IVD and patients who did not receive IVD. Results. 70/83 (84%) received IVD, and 13/83 (16%) did not receive IVD. Mean baseline VA was 20/90 in the IVD group and 20/70 in the group that did not receive IVD (P = 0.57). Mean presenting VA was 0.9/200 in the IVD group and 1.7/200 in the group that did not receive IVD (P = 0.23). Repeat cultures were positive in 2/70 (3%) IVD cases and 1/13 (8%) cases that did not receive IVD (P = 0.57). Mean VA at 1 month was 5/200 in the IVD group and 1.8/200 in the group that did not receive IVD, logMARΔ of 0.85 and 1.56, respectively (P = 0.02). Mean VA at 3 months was 7/200 in the IVD group and 3/200 in the group that did not receive IVD, logMARΔ of 0.74 and 1.33, respectively (P = 0.14). Conclusion. In the current study of BAE, IVD was associated with improved short-term VA outcomes without an increased rate of persistent infection

Delayed-onset bleb-associated endophthalmitis: presentation and outcome by culture result

To determine how culture results are associated with clinical presentations and outcomes in delayed-onset bleb-associated endophthalmitis (BAE). Retrospective consecutive case series of BAE at Bascom Palmer Eye Institute between January 1, 1996 and December 31, 2009. All patients had prior glaucoma filtering surgery. BAE was defined as intraocular infection with vitreous involvement receiving treatment with intravitreal antibiotics. Visual acuity (VA) outcomes and other clinical data were grouped by culture result and compared using the 2-sided Student's t-test. Mean logMAR change at 3 months after treatment (3-month logMARΔ). Eighty-six eyes of 85 patients were identified. Two eyes were primarily eviscerated. Fifty-three (63%) eyes were culture-positive with the following organisms: Streptococcus, 21 (25%); coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, 9 (11%); Enterococcus, 6 (7%); Gram-negative, 15 (18%); Moraxella, 8 (10%); Pseudomonas, 3 (4%); and Serratia, 3 (4%). Presenting logMAR VA: culture-positive worse than culture-negative cases (2.45 vs 2.19, P = 0.05). Presenting intraocular pressure (IOP): culture-positive higher than culture-negative cases (24 mmHg vs 14 mmHg, P = 0.002). Poor presenting view of the fundus: Streptococcus worse than coagulase-negative Staphylococcus cases (90% vs 44%, P = 0.006), Pseudomonas and Serratia worse than Moraxella cases (100% vs 50%, P = 0.04). Three month logMARΔ: culture-positive worse than culture-negative cases (1.03 vs 0.43, P = 0.02), Streptococcus worse than coagulase-negative Staphylococcus cases (1.44 vs 0.31, P = 0.004), Pseudomonas and Serratia worse than coagulase-negative Staphylococcus cases (2.41 vs 0.31, P = 0.001), Pseudomonas and Serratia worse than Moraxella cases (2.41 vs 0.04, P = 0.001). A culture result of Streptococcus or Serratia was present in 6 of 7 eyes that received an additional treatment of enucleation or evisceration (P = 0.01). Culture-positive cases were associated with worse presenting VA, higher presenting IOP, and worse VA outcomes than culture-negative cases. Streptococcus, Pseudomonas, and Serratia cases were associated with poor presenting view of the fundus and worse VA outcomes than coagulase-negative Staphylococcus and Moraxella cases

Mock Galaxy Surveys for HST and JWST from the IllustrisTNG Simulations

We present and analyze a series of synthetic galaxy survey fields based on the IllustrisTNG Simulation suite. With the Illustris public data release and JupyterLab service, we generated a set of twelve lightcone catalogs covering areas from 5 to 365 square arcminutes, similar to several JWST Cycle 1 programs, including JADES, CEERS, PRIMER, and NGDEEP. From these catalogs, we queried the public API to generate simple mock images in a series of broadband filters used by JWST-NIRCam and the Hubble Space Telescope cameras. This procedure generates wide-area simulated mosaic images that can support investigating the predicted evolution of galaxies alongside real data. Using these mocks, we demonstrate a few simple science cases, including morphological evolution and close pair selection. We publicly release the catalogs and mock images through MAST, along with the code used to generate these projects, so that the astrophysics community can make use of these products in their scientific analyses of JWST deep field observations.Comment: Accepted to MNRA