Identifying and addressing barriers to treatment for child sexual abuse survivors and their non-offending caregivers

Mental health treatment is a critical part of an effective and compassionate response to the disclosure of child sexual abuse (CSA). Given the vast negative consequences for children and families following CSA, engagement in treatment can benefit youth and their non-offending caregivers. Yet, these families face unique barriers to treatment initiation, adherence, and effectiveness. The identification of these barriers allows clinicians, researchers, and policy makers to increase treatment utilization, engagement, and value. The current review and its recommendations derive from the existing literature combined with knowledge gained from a clinical research team with more than 20 years of experience offering a treatment program for CSA survivors and their non-offending family members. The review organizes barriers around factors related to individual characteristics of children and caregivers, perceptions and beliefs commonly held following CSA, and challenging family interactions in the context of individual and group treatment for CSA. Finally, barriers related to systemic and societal factors are examined given the importance of understanding the legal and cultural context in which families seek and engage in treatment. Recommendations for further research, suggestions for clinicians, and considerations for policy change to decrease the identified treatment barriers for families impacted by CSA are provided

Equilibrium between radiation and matter for classical relativistic multiperiodic systems. II. Study of radiative equilibrium with Rayleigh-Jeans radiation

We continue the study of the problem of equilibrium between radiation and classical relativistic systems begun previously Phys. Rev. D 27 1254 (1983). We consider the emission and absorption of energy by a relativistic pointlike particle immersed in a Rayleigh-Jeans radiation field. The particle is acted upon by a force which, if alone, would produce a multiply periodic motion. It is shown that radiative balance at each frequency holds. A discussion is given of the results reported in both papers

Einstein's quantum theory of the monatomic ideal gas: non-statistical arguments for a new statistics

In this article, we analyze the third of three papers, in which Einstein presented his quantum theory of the ideal gas of 1924-1925. Although it failed to attract the attention of Einstein's contemporaries and although also today very few commentators refer to it, we argue for its significance in the context of Einstein's quantum researches. It contains an attempt to extend and exhaust the characterization of the monatomic ideal gas without appealing to combinatorics. Its ambiguities illustrate Einstein's confusion with his initial success in extending Bose's results and in realizing the consequences of what later became to be called Bose-Einstein statistics. We discuss Einstein's motivation for writing a non-combinatorial paper, partly in response to criticism by his friend Ehrenfest, and we paraphrase its content. Its arguments are based on Einstein's belief in the complete analogy between the thermodynamics of light quanta and of material particles and invoke considerations of adiabatic transformations as well as of dimensional analysis. These techniques were well-known to Einstein from earlier work on Wien's displacement law, Planck's radiation theory, and the specific heat of solids. We also investigate the possible role of Ehrenfest in the gestation of the theory.Comment: 57 pp

Nat Struct Mol Biol

Internal ribosome entry sites (IRESs) facilitate an alternative, end-independent pathway of translation initiation. A particular family of dicistroviral IRESs can assemble elongation-competent 80S ribosomal complexes in the absence of canonical initiation factors and initiator transfer RNA. We present here a cryo-EM reconstruction of a dicistroviral IRES bound to the 80S ribosome. The resolution of the cryo-EM reconstruction, in the subnanometer range, allowed the molecular structure of the complete IRES in its active, ribosome-bound state to be solved. The structure, harboring three pseudoknot-containing domains, each with a specific functional role, shows how defined elements of the IRES emerge from a compactly folded core and interact with the key ribosomal components that form the A, P and E sites, where tRNAs normally bind. Our results exemplify the molecular strategy for recruitment of an IRES and reveal the dynamic features necessary for internal initiation

The 3′ Splice Site of Influenza A Segment 7 mRNA Can Exist in Two Conformations: A Pseudoknot and a Hairpin

The 3′ splice site of influenza A segment 7 is used to produce mRNA for the M2 ion-channel protein, which is critical to the formation of viable influenza virions. Native gel analysis, enzymatic/chemical structure probing, and oligonucleotide binding studies of a 63 nt fragment, containing the 3′ splice site, key residues of an SF2/ASF splicing factor binding site, and a polypyrimidine tract, provide evidence for an equilibrium between pseudoknot and hairpin structures. This equilibrium is sensitive to multivalent cations, and can be forced towards the pseudoknot by addition of 5 mM cobalt hexammine. In the two conformations, the splice site and other functional elements exist in very different structural environments. In particular, the splice site is sequestered in the middle of a double helix in the pseudoknot conformation, while in the hairpin it resides in a two-by-two nucleotide internal loop. The results suggest that segment 7 mRNA splicing can be controlled by a conformational switch that exposes or hides the splice site

Porcine Y-chromosome variation is consistent with the occurrence of paternal gene flow from non-Asian to Asian populations

Altres ajuts: CERCA Programme/Generalitat de Catalunya.Pigs (Sus scrofa) originated in Southeast Asia and expanded to Europe and North Africa approximately 1 MYA. Analyses of porcine Y-chromosome variation have shown the existence of two main haplogroups that are highly divergent, a result that is consistent with previous mitochondrial and autosomal data showing that the Asian and non-Asian pig populations remained geographically isolated until recently. Paradoxically, one of these Y-chromosome haplogroups is extensively shared by pigs and wild boars from Asia and Europe, an observation that is difficult to reconcile with a scenario of prolonged geographic isolation. To shed light on this issue, we genotyped 33 Y-linked SNPs and one indel in a worldwide sample of pigs and wild boars and sequenced a total of 9903 nucleotide sites from seven loci distributed along the Y-chromosome. Notably, the nucleotide diversity per site at the Y-linked loci (0.0015 in Asian pigs) displayed the same order of magnitude as that described for autosomal loci (~0.0023), a finding compatible with a process of sustained and intense isolation. We performed an approximate Bayesian computation analysis focused on the paternal diversity of wild boars and local pig breeds in which we compared three demographic models: two isolation models (I models) differing in the time of isolation and a model of isolation with recent unidirectional migration (IM model). Our results suggest that the most likely explanation for the extensive sharing of one Y-chromosome haplogroup between non-Asian and Asian populations is a recent and unidirectional (non-Asian > Asian) paternal migration event