11,617 research outputs found
The ecomics of ecosystems and biodiversity: scoping the scale
The G8 decided in March 2007 to initiate a “Review on the economics of biodiversity loss”, in the so called Potsdam Initiative: 'In a global study we will initiate the process of analysing the global economic benefit of biological diversity, the costs of the loss of biodiversity and the failure to take protective measures versus the costs of effective conservation. The study is being supported by the European Commission (together with the European Environmental Agency and in cooperation with the German Government. “The objective of the current study is to provide a coherent overview of existing scientific knowledge upon which to base the economics of the Review, and to propose a coherent global programme of scientific work, both for Phase 2 (consolidation) and to enable more robust future iterations of the Review beyond 2010.
A general scaling relation for the critical current density in Nb3Sn
We review the scaling relations for the critical current density (Jc) in
Nb3Sn wires and include recent findings on the variation of the upper critical
field (Hc2) with temperature (T) and A15 composition. We highlight deficiencies
in the Summers/Ekin relations, which are not able to account for the correct
Jc(T) dependence. Available Jc(H) results indicate that the magnetic field
dependence for all wires can be described with Kramer's flux shear model, if
non-linearities in Kramer plots are attributed to A15 inhomogeneities. The
strain (eps) dependence is introduced through a temperature and strain
dependent Hc2*(T,eps) and Ginzburg- Landau parameter kappa1(T,eps) and a strain
dependent critical temperature Tc(eps). This is more consistent than the usual
Ekin unification, which uses two separate and different dependencies on Hc2*(T)
and Hc2*(eps). Using a correct temperature dependence and accounting for the
A15 inhomogeneities leads to a remarkable simple relation for Jc(H,T,eps).
Finally, a new relation for s(eps) is proposed, based on the first, second and
third strain invariants.Comment: Accepted Topical Review for Superconductor, Science and Technolog
Proving Craig and Lyndon Interpolation Using Labelled Sequent Calculi
We have recently presented a general method of proving the fundamental
logical properties of Craig and Lyndon Interpolation (IPs) by induction on
derivations in a wide class of internal sequent calculi, including sequents,
hypersequents, and nested sequents. Here we adapt the method to a more general
external formalism of labelled sequents and provide sufficient criteria on the
Kripke-frame characterization of a logic that guarantee the IPs. In particular,
we show that classes of frames definable by quantifier-free Horn formulas
correspond to logics with the IPs. These criteria capture the modal cube and
the infinite family of transitive Geach logics
When it Pays to Rush: Interpreting Morphogen Gradients Prior to Steady-State
During development, morphogen gradients precisely determine the position of
gene expression boundaries despite the inevitable presence of fluctuations.
Recent experiments suggest that some morphogen gradients may be interpreted
prior to reaching steady-state. Theoretical work has predicted that such
systems will be more robust to embryo-to-embryo fluctuations. By analysing two
experimentally motivated models of morphogen gradient formation, we investigate
the positional precision of gene expression boundaries determined by
pre-steady-state morphogen gradients in the presence of embryo-to-embryo
fluctuations, internal biochemical noise and variations in the timing of
morphogen measurement. Morphogens that are direct transcription factors are
found to be particularly sensitive to internal noise when interpreted prior to
steady-state, disadvantaging early measurement, even in the presence of large
embryo-to-embryo fluctuations. Morphogens interpreted by cell-surface receptors
can be measured prior to steady-state without significant decrease in
positional precision provided fluctuations in the timing of measurement are
small. Applying our results to experiment, we predict that Bicoid, a
transcription factor morphogen in Drosophila, is unlikely to be interpreted
prior to reaching steady-state. We also predict that Activin in Xenopus and
Nodal in zebrafish, morphogens interpreted by cell-surface receptors, can be
decoded in pre-steady-state.Comment: 18 pages, 3 figure
On speech variation and word type differentiation by articulatory feature representations
This paper describes ongoing research aiming at the description of variation in speech as represented by asynchronous articulatory features. We will first illustrate how distances in the articulatory feature space can be used for event detection along speech trajectories in this space. The temporal structure imposed by the cosine distance in articulatory feature space coincides to a large extent with the manual segmentation on phone level. The analysis also indicates that the articulatory feature representation provides better such alignments than the MFCC representation does. Secondly, we will present first results that indicate that articulatory features can be used to probe for acoustic differences in the onsets of Dutch singulars and plurals
Development of an experimental 10 T Nb3Sn dipole magnet for the CERN LHC
An experimental 1-m long twill aperture dipole magnet developed using a high-current Nb3Sn conductor in order to attain a magnetic field well beyond 10 T at 4.2 K is described. The emphasis in this Nb3Sn project is on the highest possible field within the known Large Hadron Collider (LHC) twin-aperture configuration. A design target of 11.5 T was chosen
Бухгалтерский и налоговый учет основных средств
Цель статьи: обосновать существующие различия в бухгалтерском и налоговом учете основных
средств
On the feasibility of a nuclear exciton laser
Nuclear excitons known from M\"ossbauer spectroscopy describe coherent
excitations of a large number of nuclei -- analogous to Dicke states (or Dicke
super-radiance) in quantum optics. In this paper, we study the possibility of
constructing a laser based on these coherent excitations. In contrast to the
free electron laser (in its usual design), such a device would be based on
stimulated emission and thus might offer certain advantages, e.g., regarding
energy-momentum accuracy. Unfortunately, inserting realistic parameters, the
window of operability is probably not open (yet) to present-day technology --
but our design should be feasible in the UV regime, for example.Comment: 7 pages RevTeX, 4 figure
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