Critical Perspective: Named Reactions Discovered and Developed by Women

Named organic reactions. As chemists, we’re all familiar with them: who can forget the Diels−Alder reaction? But how much do we know about the people behind the names? For example, can you identify a reaction named for a woman? How about a reaction discovered or developed by a woman but named for her male adviser? Our attempts to answer these simple questions started us on the journey that led to this Account. We introduce you to four reactions named for women and nine reactions discovered or developed by women. Using information obtained from the literature and, whenever possible, through interviews with the chemists themselves, their associates, and their advisers, we paint a more detailed picture of these remarkable women and their outstanding accomplishments. Some of the women you meet in this Account include Irma Goldberg, the only woman unambiguously recognized with her own named reaction. Gertrude Maud Robinson, the wife of Robert Robinson, who collaborated with him on several projects including the Piloty−Robinson pyrrole synthesis. Elizabeth Hardy, the Bryn Mawr graduate student who discovered the Cope rearrangement. Dorothee Felix, a critical member of Albert Eschenmoser’s research lab for over forty years who helped develop both the Eschenmoser−Claisen rearrangement and the Eschenmoser−Tanabe fragmentation. Jennifer Loebach, the University of Illinois undergraduate who was part of the team in Eric Jacobsen’s lab that discovered the Jacobsen−Katsuki epoxidation. Keiko Noda, a graduate student in Tsutomu Katsuki’s lab who also played a key role in the development of the Jacobsen−Katsuki epoxidation. Lydia McKinstry, a postdoc in Andrew Myers’s lab who helped develop the Myers asymmetric alkylation. Rosa Lockwood, a graduate student at Boston College whose sole publication is the discovery of the Nicholas reaction. Kaori Ando, a successful professor in Japan who helped develop the Roush asymmetric alkylation as a postdoc at MIT. Bianka Tchoubar, a critically important member of the organic chemistry community in France who developed the Tiffeneau−Demjanov rearrangement. The accomplishments of the women in this Account illustrate the key roles women have played in the discovery and development of reactions used daily by organic chemists around the world. These pioneering chemists represent the vanguard of women in the field, and we are confident that many more of the growing number of current and future female organic chemists will be recognized with their own named reactions

Effets anodiques dans les décharges prédisruptives entre pointe négative et plan

When used in a corona discharge, the anode surface of a negative point-to-plane system is progressively modified by the formation of microcrystals which then can be the seat of localized luminous phenomena. We have studied the mechanism of formation and the properties of the discharge so created.L'anode d'un système d'électrodes pointe négative-plan utilisé en décharhe couronne s'altère peu à peu. Il se forme à sa surface des cristallisations qui peuvent être ensuite le siège de formation de phénomènes lumineux localisés. On analysera, en particulier, les propriétés caractéristiques du régime de décharge ainsi créé

Etude de la sépiolite à l'aide des données de la microscopie électronique, de l'analyse thermopondérale et de la spectroscopie infrarouge

The authors present here the results obtained from three types of methods : -study of water inside sepiolite by means of thermogravimetric analysis and infrared absorption ; -study by means of infrared absorption of the adsorption of methanol and acetone on sepiolite : -exploitation of electron microdiffraction diagrams in order to specify the crystal structure of sepiolite. Then, they give a synthesis of these results.Les auteurs présentent ici les résultats obtenus à l'aide de trois méthodes : -étude de l'eau présente dans la sépiolite par analyse thermopondérale et par spectroscopie infrarouge ; -étude par spectroscopie infrarouge de l'adsorption du méthanol et de l'acétone par la sépiolite ; -exploitation des diagrammes de microdiffraction électronique pour préciser la structure cristalline de la sépiolite. Ils font ensuite la synthèse de ces résultats.Serna C., Rautureau Michel, Prost René, Tchoubar Cyril, Serratosa José Maria. Etude de la sépiolite à l'aide des données de la microscopie électronique, de l'analyse thermopondérale et de la spectroscopie infrarouge. In: Bulletin du Groupe français des argiles. Tome 26, fascicule 2, 1974. pp. 153-163