Essai de conservation de la tomate par la technique de la déshydratation imprégnation par immersion (DII)

La Déshydratation Imprégnation par Immersion (DII) est une technique de conservation à long terme déjà appliquée sur certains fruits comme la mangue, l’ananas, la banane, etc. Le présent travail est une application de la DII à la conservation de la tomate (Lycopercicon esculentum Mill.) variété locale Tounvi largement cultivée au Bénin. Ainsi, dans les conditions expérimentales de production, une augmentation de la teneur en matière sèche soluble de 5% à 80,79% sous l’effet de la chaleur au cours de l’obtention des tomates séchées, s’est traduite par une élévation subséquente de la teneur en cendres qui passe de 0,51% pour le produit frais à 0,75% à la fin de la DII. L’acidité des tomates également varie de 4,5 g/L à 5,72 g/L, ce qui entraîne une légère diminution du pH qui passe de 4,36 à 4,12 à la fin de la DII. Nous notons également une diminution de la teneur en vitamine C qui passe de 335,41 mg/L (produit frais) à 178,25 mg/L (produit séché), soit une réduction de 53,14%. Sur le plan microbiologique, pendant une période de sept (7) semaines, une conformité à la norme AFNOR (NFV-08-402) est notée ; ce qui justifie une bonne stabilité des produits, caractérisée par l’absence des Anaérobies Sulfito-Réducteurs (ASR) et la présence de 35 UFC de germe aérobie mésophile/g et de 20 UFC Levures et Moisissures/g de tomates séchées.Mots clés: Tomate, conservation, qualité, stabilité microbiologiqu

Biodiversity and Status of Cetaceans in Benin, West Africa: an Initial Assessment

No published literature is available on the whales and dolphins of Benin. A first insight in the cetacean biodiversity based on stranding, capture and sighting records, as well as a preliminary assessment of status, is provided. Seven species were authenticated: humpback whale Megaptera novaeangliae, common bottlenose dolphin Tursiops truncatus, Atlantic spotted dolphin Stenella frontalis, false killer whale Pseudorca crassidens, shortfinned pilot whale Globicephala macrorhynchus, Cuvier’s beaked whale Ziphius cavirostris and sperm whale Physeter macrocephalus. Two additional taxa were confirmed at genus level, i.e. common dolphin Delphinus sp. and minke whale Balaenoptera sp. All reported species also occur in Ghana or Togo. Concern is expressed that in Benin, as in some other western African nations, coastal communities increasingly exploit stranded and by-caught cetaceans to supply a thriving, albeit illegal, marine bushmeat trade. Small cetaceans were also taken intentionally in the absence of efficient controls of landings or other management measures. Although presently at subsistence scale, the threat of wider commercialization exists. In view of the limited number of validated species, voucher specimens and scarce biological baseline information, opportunistic sampling must be expanded to include more systematic and dedicated research, in particular, ship-based marine mammal surveys. It is recommended that graduate students at Benin’s universities play a central role

Indeterminate status of West African populations of inshore common bottlenose dolphins <i>Tursiops truncatus</i> caution against opportunistic live-capture schemes

The limited information available on the status of inshore common bottlenose dolphins Tursiops truncatus along the coasts of West Africa is reviewed. Although reported from at least ten countries, it is unclear whether their distribution is continuous. Population structure and genetics have not been studied, however cranial morphology suggests that the West African dolphins differ from North Sea bottlenose dolphins. Mean group sizes are small (3.19 – 12.91 individuals/group) and are smallest in Guinea-Bissau. There are no estimates of abundance but by analogy with a well-studied population in Sarasota, Gulf of Mexico, the Guinea-Bissau population may number only in the hundreds. It is essential that scientific estimates be obtained through dedicated surveys. In some areas of Guinea-Bissau with a high density of fishing activities, bottlenose dolphins are now less frequently encountered than they were in the recent past. Key parameters besides abundance, including population identity, bycatch levels and other anthropogenic threats need to be documented and quantified before any deliberate exploitation is considered. A small-scale, botched live-capture operation in Senegal in 2003, in which all dolphins died, serves as warning against such opportunistic schemes. In management terms, live-capture operations are equivalent to hunting and multi-year, large-scale removals of bottlenose dolphins in Guinea-Bissau would have the potential to effectively extirpate the wild population from its waters

COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and hesitancy in low- and middle-income countries

Widespread acceptance of COVID-19 vaccines is crucial for achieving sufficient immunization coverage to end the global pandemic, yet few studies have investigated COVID-19 vaccination attitudes in lower-income countries, where large-scale vaccination is just beginning. We analyze COVID-19 vaccine acceptance across 15 survey samples covering 10 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) in Asia, Africa and South America, Russia (an upper-middle-income country) and the United States, including a total of 44,260 individuals. We find considerably higher willingness to take a COVID-19 vaccine in our LMIC samples (mean 80.3%; median 78%; range 30.1 percentage points) compared with the United States (mean 64.6%) and Russia (mean 30.4%). Vaccine acceptance in LMICs is primarily explained by an interest in personal protection against COVID-19, while concern about side effects is the most common reason for hesitancy. Health workers are the most trusted sources of guidance about COVID-19 vaccines. Evidence from this sample of LMICs suggests that prioritizing vaccine distribution to the Global South should yield high returns in advancing global immunization coverage. Vaccination campaigns should focus on translating the high levels of stated acceptance into actual uptake. Messages highlighting vaccine efficacy and safety, delivered by healthcare workers, could be effective for addressing any remaining hesitancy in the analyzed LMICs.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

The evolving SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Africa: Insights from rapidly expanding genomic surveillance

INTRODUCTION Investment in Africa over the past year with regard to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) sequencing has led to a massive increase in the number of sequences, which, to date, exceeds 100,000 sequences generated to track the pandemic on the continent. These sequences have profoundly affected how public health officials in Africa have navigated the COVID-19 pandemic. RATIONALE We demonstrate how the first 100,000 SARS-CoV-2 sequences from Africa have helped monitor the epidemic on the continent, how genomic surveillance expanded over the course of the pandemic, and how we adapted our sequencing methods to deal with an evolving virus. Finally, we also examine how viral lineages have spread across the continent in a phylogeographic framework to gain insights into the underlying temporal and spatial transmission dynamics for several variants of concern (VOCs). RESULTS Our results indicate that the number of countries in Africa that can sequence the virus within their own borders is growing and that this is coupled with a shorter turnaround time from the time of sampling to sequence submission. Ongoing evolution necessitated the continual updating of primer sets, and, as a result, eight primer sets were designed in tandem with viral evolution and used to ensure effective sequencing of the virus. The pandemic unfolded through multiple waves of infection that were each driven by distinct genetic lineages, with B.1-like ancestral strains associated with the first pandemic wave of infections in 2020. Successive waves on the continent were fueled by different VOCs, with Alpha and Beta cocirculating in distinct spatial patterns during the second wave and Delta and Omicron affecting the whole continent during the third and fourth waves, respectively. Phylogeographic reconstruction points toward distinct differences in viral importation and exportation patterns associated with the Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron variants and subvariants, when considering both Africa versus the rest of the world and viral dissemination within the continent. Our epidemiological and phylogenetic inferences therefore underscore the heterogeneous nature of the pandemic on the continent and highlight key insights and challenges, for instance, recognizing the limitations of low testing proportions. We also highlight the early warning capacity that genomic surveillance in Africa has had for the rest of the world with the detection of new lineages and variants, the most recent being the characterization of various Omicron subvariants. CONCLUSION Sustained investment for diagnostics and genomic surveillance in Africa is needed as the virus continues to evolve. This is important not only to help combat SARS-CoV-2 on the continent but also because it can be used as a platform to help address the many emerging and reemerging infectious disease threats in Africa. In particular, capacity building for local sequencing within countries or within the continent should be prioritized because this is generally associated with shorter turnaround times, providing the most benefit to local public health authorities tasked with pandemic response and mitigation and allowing for the fastest reaction to localized outbreaks. These investments are crucial for pandemic preparedness and response and will serve the health of the continent well into the 21st century

Inventaire préliminaire des ravageurs et des ennemis naturels du cotonnier du département de l'Ouémé (République du Bénin)

Preliminary Inventory of Pests and Natural Enemies on Cotton in Oueme Department, Benin. The cotton plant is attacked by thousand of insects pests whose natural enemies are not well known in some producing countries. In order to make an inventory of pests and natural enemies, a first work has been realized on cotton entomological fauna in Oueme Department during agricultural campaign 1993-1994. The results obtained, allowed us to list ail the pests, and their natural enemies met on cotton per locality. The main destructors are classified according to their relative importance. For each pest the frequency of natural enemies is assessed

Notes on Edible Insecta of South Benin: A Source of Protein

Insects have been and still are consumed in South Benin. They are a very important source of animal protein able to successfully substitute some meats and improve the health of badly nourished children. Four kinds of insects are principally collected in South Benin\u2014Oryctes spp., Rhynchophorus phoenicis (Fabr.); Brachytrupes membranaceus (Drury), and Macrotermes falciger. The species mostly eaten in Benin are Macrotermes falciger and Oryctes spp. (Tchibozo, 2002). The various aspects investigated here are: the species eaten, techniques of gathering, culinary usages, communities consuming them, and their economic importance

Notes on edible insects of South Benin: A source of protein

Insects have been and still are consumed in South Benin. They are a very important source of animal protein, able to successfully substitute some meats and improve the health of badly nourished children. Various aspects are investigated: the species eaten, techniques of gathering, culinary usages, community consumption, and their economic importanc

Hemidactylus ansorgii Boulenger 1901

Hemidactylus ansorgii Boulenger, 1901 Hemidactylus ansorgii is widespread in West Africa from Liberia to Cameroon (Loveridge 1947; Henle & Böhme 2003), although as yet there are no confirmed records from Bénin. Henle and Böhme (2003) clarified the status of this species, which has been frequently misidentified in the past, thus calling in to question the validity of literature records (Dunger 1968; van Eijsden 1978) that have not been verified in this new light. Perret (1975) considered H. ansorgii as a junior synonym of H. intestinalis Werner, 1897, but Henle and Böhme (2003) have presented compelling evidence that the latter is, in reality, a junior synonym of H. muriceus.Published as part of Bauer, Aaron M., Tchibozo, Sévérin, Pauwels, Olivier S. G. & Lenglet, Georges, 2006, A review of the gekkotan lizards of Bénin, with the description of a new species of Hemidactylus (Squamata: Gekkonidae), pp. 1-20 in Zootaxa 1242 on page 9, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.27346