Phenology, thermal requirements and mineral composition of leaves of olive in Rio Grande do Sul

Com o objetivo de caracterizar a fenologia, exigências térmicas e composição mineral de folhas de variedades de oliveira, foram realizadas observações e coletadas amostras de 2015 a 2018, em um olival em Encruzilhada do Sul. As observações foram feitas em 10 variedades: Cipressino, Coratina, Manzanilla, Arbosana, Koroneiki, Picual, Arbequina, Alfafara, Lecino e Frantoio. Para as determinações fenológicas foram observadas as datas da poda (P), início do cacho (IC), aparecimento de inflorescência (AI) e início da frutificação (IF). Para a composição mineral, foram amostradas e analisadas folhas das variedades, no inverno, primavera, verão e outono. Houve diferenças da fenologia entre variedades e entre safras. Na safra de 2015/2016 o ciclo foi mais curto que em 2016/2017. Em 2015/2016 a Arbosana e Alfafara foram mais tardias, enquanto em 2016/2017 não houve diferença entre variedades. As variedades apresentaram diferenças com relação ao teor na folha de todos os nutrientes analisados. A diferença mais evidente foi do teor de fósforo, sendo que as variedades Arbequina e Arbosana apresentaram maior teor. Os nutrientes apresentaram diferenças nos teores nas folhas nas diferentes épocas de amostragem, com exceção de cálcio e boro.In order to characterize the phenology, thermal requirements and mineral composition of leaves of olive varieties, observations were made and samples were collected from 2015 to 2018, in an olive grove. The observations were made in 10 varieties: Cipressino, Coratina, Manzanilla, Arbosana, Koroneiki, Picual, Arbequina, Alfafara, Lecino and Frantoio, in the period of 2015 to 2018. For the phenological determinations, the pruning dates (P), the beginning of the cluster (IC), the appearance of inflorescence (AI) and the beginning of fruiting (IF) were observed. To assess the mineral composition, leaves of the ten varieties were sampled and analyzed during winter, spring, summer and autumn. There were differences in phenology between varieties and between harvests. In the 2015/2016 harvest, the cycle was shorter than in 2016/2017. In the 2015/2016 the Arbosana and Alfafara were later, while in 2016/2017 there was no difference between varieties. The olive varieties showed differences regarding the leaf content of all analyzed nutrients. The most evident difference was in the phosphorus content, with the Arbequina and Arbosana varieties having higher content. The nutrients showed differences in the levels in the leaves at different sampling times, with the exception of calcium and boron

Filocrono e número de folhas da canola em diferentes condições ambientais

The objective of this work was to determine the number of leaves and phyllochron of canola genotypes, in response to thermal variations associated with sowing dates. Two experiments were conducted in a randomized block design, with a factorial arrangement of genotype by sowing date (5x2, in 2009, and 2x3 in 2010), and four replicates. The number of leaves on the main stem and first branch was determined threefold a week. Phyllochron was estimated by the inverse of the slope between the thermal time and the number of leaves, at the rosette stage and at stem elongation. The number of leaves on the main stem ranged from 11.5 to 16.4; this number was on average 70% lower in the first segment. The number of leaves on the main stem was higher in early sowing, and the opposite occurred in the first segment. The phyllochron was higher in the rosette stage, and values ranged from 21.4 to 52.9 degree‑days per leaf, according to genotypes and sowing dates. Late sowing dates increased the phyllochron. Early genotypes have lower number of leaves and phyllochron than medium and late genotypes, and the variability between them increase in late sowings.O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o número de folhas e o filocrono de genótipos de canola, em resposta a variações térmicas associadas com datas de semeadura. Foram realizados dois experimentos, em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com arranjo fatorial de genótipos por datas de semeadura (5x2, em 2009, e 2x3 em 2010) e quatro repetições. O número de folhas do caule principal e do primeiro ramo foi determinado três vezes por semana. O filocrono foi estimado pelo inverso do coeficiente angular entre a soma térmica e o número de folhas, para os subperíodos da roseta e do alongamento do caule. O número de folhas no caule variou de 11,5 a 16,4; nos ramos, este número foi, em média, 70% menor. O número de folhas no caule foi maior em semeaduras precoces, e o inverso ocorreu no ramo. O filocrono foi maior no subperíodo da roseta e variou entre 21,4 e 52,9 graus‑dia por folha conforme o genótipo e a data de semeadura. Semeaduras tardias aumentaram o filocrono. Genótipos de ciclo precoce apresentam número de folhas e filocrono menores que genótipos de ciclo médio ou longo, e a variabilidade entre os genótipos acentua-se em semeaduras tardias

Effects of bioclimatic factors on performance of Brangus and Angus females undergoing Fixed Time Artificial Insemination (TAI)

A produção de carne depende da eficiência reprodutiva do rebanho de cria, ou seja, de altas taxas de concepção e desmame das fêmeas, e qualidade genética dos produtos gerados. Nos últimos anos, houve um incremento da utilização da técnica de Inseminação Artificial a Tempo Fixo (IATF), como biotecnologia da reprodução visando aumento de eficiência, entretanto,as taxas de concepção obtidas em média não ultrapassam 50%. Vários fatores podem influenciar esses resultados: condição corporal das fêmeas, categoria animal, protocolo de IATF, tipo racial, pelagem e condições ambientais. Neste sentido, o objetivo deste estudo foi verificar o efeito de variáveis climáticas e zootécnicas sobre as taxas de concepção de fêmeas submetidas à IATF no Centro de Pesquisa Iwar Beckmam/Hulha Negra, RS e na Estação Experimental Agronômica da UFRGS em Eldorado do Sul, RS, de 2015 a 2017. Foram avaliadas 531 fêmeas, oito protocolos de IATF e consideradas as variáveis: escore de condição corporal; peso vivo; pelagem; categoria animal e tipo racial. Os dados meteorológicos foram coletados das estações meteorológicas instaladas nos locaisde experimento. Visando a determinação das faixas de conforto térmico dos animais foram utilizados os índices: índice de temperatura e umidade-ITH e índice de conforto térmico-ITU. Os dados obtidos foram analisados no programa estatístico JMP (v.13). Entre as variáveis consideradas neste estudo foi encontrado efeito do protocolo aplicado e da condição corporal das fêmeas sobre as taxas de concepção.Meat production depends on the reproductive efficiency of the breeding herd, and high conception and weaning rates of the females, and the genetic quality of the products generated. In recent years, there has been an increase in the use of the Fixed Time Artificial Insemination (TAI) technique, such as reproduction biotechnology when applying efficiency increase, however, as average conception rates not exceeded by 50%. Several factors may influence these results: body condition, animal category, TAI protocol, racial type, coat and environmental conditions. In this sense, the objective of this study was to verify the effect of climatic and zootechnical variables on conception ratesof females submitted to the TAI at the Iwar Beckmam Research Center / Hulha Negra, RS and at the UFRGS Agronomic Experimental Station in Eldorado do Sul, RS, Brazil, from 2015 to 2017. 531 females were evaluated, eight TAI protocols were applied and the following variations were included: body condition score; live weight; coat; animal category and racial type. Meteorologicals data were collected from meteorological stations installed at the experimental sites. Aiming to determine the thermal comfort ranges of the animals, the indexes: temperature and humidity index-ITH and thermal comfort index-ITU were used. The data obtained were analyzed using the JMP statistical program (v.13). Among the variables, thisstudy was found as an effect of the applied protocol and the females’ body condition on the conceptions rates

Relationships of photosynthetic photon flux density, air temperature and humidity with tomato leaf diffusive conductance and temperature

The objective was to study the leaf temperature (LT) and leaf diffusive vapor conductance (gs) responses to temperature, humidity and incident flux density of photosynthetically active photons (PPFD) of tomato plants grown without water restriction in a plastic greenhouse in Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. The plants were grown in substrate and irrigated daily. The gs was measured using a steady-state null-balance porometer on the abaxial face of the leaves during the daytime. Both leaf surfaces were measured in one day. The PPFD and LT were measured using the porometer. Leaf temperature was determined using an infrared thermometer, and air temperature and humidity were measured using a thermohygrograph. The leaves on the upper layer of the plants had higher gs than the lower layer. The relationship between the gs and PPFD was different for the two layers in the plants. A consistent relationship between the gs and atmospheric water demand was observed only in the lower layer. The LT tended to be lower than the air temperature. The mean value for the gs was 2.88 times higher on the abaxial than adaxial leaf surface

Phyllochron and number of leaves of canola in different environmental conditions

O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o número de folhas e o filocrono de genótipos de canola, em resposta a variações térmicas associadas com datas de semeadura. Foram realizados dois experimentos, em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com arranjo fatorial de genótipos por datas de semeadura (5x2, em 2009, e 2x3 em 2010) e quatro repetições. O número de folhas do caule principal e do primeiro ramo foi determinado três vezes por semana. O filocrono foi estimado pelo inverso do coeficiente angular entre a soma térmica e o número de folhas, para os subperíodos da roseta e do alongamento do caule. O número de folhas no caule variou de 11,5 a 16,4; nos ramos, este número foi, em média, 70% menor. O número de folhas no caule foi maior em semeaduras precoces, e o inverso ocorreu no ramo. O filocrono foi maior no subperíodo da roseta e variou entre 21,4 e 52,9 graus‑dia por folha conforme o genótipo e a data de semeadura. Semeaduras tardias aumentaram o filocrono. Genótipos de ciclo precoce apresentam número de folhas e filocrono menores que genótipos de ciclo médio ou longo, e a variabilidade entre os genótipos acentua-se em semeaduras tardias.The objective of this work was to determine the number of leaves and phyllochron of canola genotypes, in response to thermal variations associated with sowing dates. Two experiments were conducted in a randomized block design, with a factorial arrangement of genotype by sowing date (5x2, in 2009, and 2x3 in 2010), and four replicates. The number of leaves on the main stem and first branch was determined threefold a week. Phyllochron was estimated by the inverse of the slope between the thermal time and the number of leaves, at the rosette stage and at stem elongation. The number of leaves on the main stem ranged from 11.5 to 16.4; this number was on average 70% lower in the first segment. The number of leaves on the main stem was higher in early sowing, and the opposite occurred in the first segment. The phyllochron was higher in the rosette stage, and values ranged from 21.4 to 52.9 degree‑days per leaf, according to genotypes and sowing dates. Late sowing dates increased the phyllochron. Early genotypes have lower number of leaves and phyllochron than medium and late genotypes, and the variability between them increase in late sowings