Efecte diferencial de l'optimisme i de la competència personal en un procés d'estrès

Consultable des del TDXTítol obtingut de la portada digitalitzadaEl present treball ha aportat informació al coneixement de la relació entre les creences d'optimisme i de competència personal en un procés d'estrès, a través de dos estudis complementaris. Per una part, es presenta un estudi transversal, en el que es manipulen quatre situacions d'examen amb diferents nivells d'experiència i de control, per valorar l'evaluació primària i secundària i l'impacte afectiu que generen, en funció de les creences, en un grup de 100 estudiants. Es tracta d'un disseny intersubjecte, i els resultats més destacats han estat que el tipus de situació (més o menys controlable i amb més o menys experiència) interacciona amb les creences en relació al nivell d'autoeficàcia dels subjectes (evaluació secundària, F = 3,52; p = 0,018), i pel que fa al nivell d'impacte afectiu negatiu (F = 3,04; p = 0,033). Així, una alta competència personal es relaciona amb un major nivell d'autoeficàcia en totes les situacions, excepte en aquella menys controlable i sense experiència, en la qual és necessari ser optimista, a més de competent, per aconseguir els mateixos nivells d'autoeficàcia. En relació a l'impacte afectiu negatiu, és menor en els optimistes que en els pessimistes, excepte per la situació de control mitjà i sense experiència, en la qual ambdós grups igualen els seus nivells. El segon estudi presenta un disseny longitudinal, que consisteix en valorar les creences, l'evaluació, l'impacte afectiu, les estratègies d'afrontament i l'adaptació d'una situació real d'examen, potencialment estressant, amb tres fases de recollida de dades. La mostra final de l'estudi la componen 88 estudiants. A pesar que no s'han pogut relacionar les diferents variables mesurades amb l'adaptació (considerada com el rendiment a l'examen i l'evolució de l'impacte afectiu), s'ha pogut establir, a través de l'anàlisi de models estructurals, que l'impacte afectiu que genera la situació és el principal antecedent de les estratègies d'afrontament. Així, a major impacte afectiu, més ús de les estratègies d'afrontament actiu, supressió d'activitats distractores i recerca de suport social instrumental. A més, en funció de si l'impacte és positiu o negatiu, s'utilitzaran tipus d'estratègies diferenciats: Un impacte afectiu positiu s'ha relacionat amb un major ús de la reinterpretació positiva, un impacte afectiu negatiu s'ha relacionat amb una major recerca de suport social emocional. També s'ha pogut establir que, mentre que la competència personal es relaciona bàsicament amb l'impacte afectiu positiu, el pessimisme ho fa amb el negatiu. A partir dels resultats d'ambdós estudis, s'ha construït un model teòric que relaciona creences, evaluació primària i secundària, impacte afectiu i estratègies d'afrontament, i que pot servir com a marc de referència en posteriors treballs.This work presents two complementary studies that improve the knowledge about the relationship between beliefs of optimism and personal competence and stress processes. In the first study, four exam situations have been designed, with different grades of control and experience, in order to check their influence on primary and secondary appraisal, and on the affect, in a group of 100 university students. It is an intersubject design, and the most important results are that the sort of situation designed (more or less controllable, and with more or less experience) interact with the beliefs, to explain the level of self-efficacy (secondary appraisal, F = 3,52; p = 0,018), and the negative affect (F = 3,04; p = 0,033). That is, high levels of personal competence are related to high levels of self-efficacy, except for the less controllable and with no experience situation, where the subject must be optimist, in addition to competent, in order to mantain high levels of self-efficacy. On the other hand, levels of negative affect are lower for optimist subjects than for pessimists ones, except when the situation has a medium grade of control and the subject has no experience in it, where the level of negative affect is the same for both groups. The second study presents a longitudinal design which measures the beliefs, affect, coping strategies and adaptation in a real exam situation, potentially stressful, with three moments of date measurement, in 88 university students. Even if it has not been possible to confirm the relationship between the measures considered and the adaptation (result in the exam and evolution of affect), a structural model analysis has been done which shows that the affect is the most important determinant of coping strategies. The most is the affect generated on the situation, the more use of active coping, supression of competing activities and seeking social support for instrumental reasons. Moreover, a positive or a negative affect determines the use of different types of coping strategies: Positive affect has been related to more use of positive reinterpretation, and negative affect has been related to more use of seeking social support for emotional reasons. It has been established that the personal competence is related to high levels of positive affect, and pessimism is related to high levels of negative affect. It has been designed a theoretical model of the relation between beliefs of optimism and personal competence, primary and secondary appraisal, affect, and coping strategies, based on the results of both studies, which can be used as a work guide for other studies

Emocions i estratègies davant l'estrès

L'estat d'ànim amb què ens enfrontem a situacions d'estrès té una influència decisiva en les estratègies que preparem per superar-les i no és, tal com s'havia pensat fins ara, una conseqüència de les mateixes. Així ho ha determinat un grup d'investigadors de la UAB després de realitzar un seguiment d'estrès a més de 300 universitaris per a conèixer de quina forma feien front el seu primer examen de carrera.El estado de ánimo con que nos enfrentamos a situaciones de estrés tiene una influencia decisiva en las estrategias que preparamos para superarlas y no es, tal como se pensaba hasta ahora, una consecuencia de las mismas. Así lo ha determinado un grupo de investigadores tras realizar un seguimiento a más de 300 universitarios para conocer de qué forma afrontaban su primer examen de carrera

Juicios de riesgo en el deporte : una aproximación experimental en excursionistas

Tisk perception among mountain athletes is a determining factor in preventing injuries. The objective of this paper is to understand how the level of concern (as a measure of risk perception) is generated on the basis of variables related to the context (difficulty of terrain and time pressure) and the individuals (self-confidence and fatigue). To do so, 16 mountain-related scenarios were designed that combined information on the four variables in the study. Following an intrasubject design and controlling for experience, a total of 159 participants (54% of whom were men) were asked about the level of concern each scenario produced in them. The results show that difficulty and time pressure combine interactively to determine risk perception and that the variables together interact with self-confidence on one hand and fatigue on the other. This study furthers knowledge of the cognitions associated to risk in sports and serves as the basis for preventive interventions

A systematic review of the ecological and longitudinal methods to study daily stress

The objective was to review the methods used to assess daily stress, focusing on the types records used, as well as the methods used to describe daily stressors, the ways to operationally define stress, and the different research approaches. A search for quantitative research articles published between January 2008 and December 2017 was carried out on indexed entries of four electronic databases. Of the 254 publications found in the search after duplicates were removed, eft 57 articles were selected to analyse. A large diversity of recording methods was detected, a single daily record for a week being the most frequently used. The different ways to operationalize stress highlight the different implicit definitions of stress: the number or intensity of stressful event refers to stress as an external factor, negative feelings refer to the individual's responses, and reactivity or "pile-up" are related to the process by which stress develops over time. Such variation suggests that stress is not a precise concept that can be assessed by a single measure, stress is rather a generic label for the complex process of adaptation to specific situations. The first one is that it can be concluded that stress is a process that explains the short- and long-term effects of exposure to stressors on health and wellbeing through a complex chain of mediators and moderators. The second point is that although it is known that the changes produced in stressful situations are adaptive at first, studies of the negative side of stress prevail. And the third point is that the studies analysed were not reduced to the analysis of the stress process or of any particular aspect of stress but rather, the evaluation of daily stress served to study other processes with marked social and affective components

A brief version of the implicit positive and negative affect test (IPANAT-18)

As self-reports of affect are limited in several regards, an indirect measure of affect, the Implicit Positive and Negative Affect Test (IPANAT; ) has previously been developed and adapted to more than 10 languages (), showing adequate reliability and validity. Based on a sample of 242 Spanish adults (111 males), we evaluate a trimmed 18 items version of the IPANAT (IPANAT-18). Item reductive procedures consisted in a random selection of the stimuli words used in the IPANAT. Psychometric properties of the IPANAT-18 were evaluated via Confirmatory Factor Analysis. In addition, correlational analyses were used to determine the relationship between the brief and the full version of the IPANAT, and with explicit measures of affect. We replicated a two-factors structure of positive affect versus negative affect and found a good fit for the IPANAT-18 model (CFI = 1; TLI = 1; RMSEA =.00; SRMR =.03). Reliability was adequate (implicit PA, α =.86; implicit NA, α =.77) and the pattern of relationships with explicit affect measures were congruent and consistent with previous findings. Differences between the mean scores of implicit affect assessed with 18 items or 36 items were statistically non-significant, and showed strong correlations (PA, r =.92, p <.01; NA, r =.88, p <.01). In sum, the IPANAT-18 showed satisfactory psychometric properties and constitutes a useful tool for economically measuring affective processes such as in experimental and economical multiple assessment (e.g., daily diary) settings

Early retirement intention in workers from the industry and service sectors : influence of the perception of benefits from retiring or from continuing to work

This study aims to identify the factors that favor the intention to continue working or to retire in workers over 50 years old. The sample consisted of 186 workers of both sexes from the industry and services sectors who answered a questionnaire which recorded their perceived health, job quality and their perception of the benefits or drawbacks of continuing to work or taking early retirement. The results indicated that to continue in active employment is mainly seen as economically beneficial but negative for family life and health. In contrast, early retirement is seen as beneficial for family life and self-actualization but economically negative. A regression analysis revealed that the motivation to stay active occupationally depends on the perceived health and social support given at work, but mostly to have a positive vision of being active workforc

Planificación del Sistema Integrado de Gestión para el Sector Secundario - Construcción -

La Empresa constructora “Gr. Construcciones” ubicada en la ciudad de Manizales – Caldas, con sede en el barrio La Sultana, es una organización conformada por 20 personas entre las que se desempeñan cargos operativos y administrativos, “Gr. Construcciones” es una empresa dedicada a la prestación de servicios de construcción y remodelación de viviendas nuevas y/o usadas. La organización se encuentra registrada ante la cámara y comercio de Manizales por Caldas bajo los códigos: CIIU1 - 4330 & CIIU2 – 4290. Para La constructora Gr Construcciones El alcance del Sistema de Gestión está basado en las normas ISO 14001:2015, ISO 9001:2015, ISO 45001:2018 y las normas que apliquen al sector de la construcción y la remodelación de las viviendas nuevas y/o usadas. El alcance en la organización “Gr. Construcciones” aplica a todas las áreas y/o proyectos que hacen parte del mapa de procesos de la constructora “Gr Construcciones”, considerando también a todas las partes interesadas como lo son los diferentes clientes, proveedores de suministros y los empleados que la conforman.The construction company “Gr. Construcciones” located in the city of Manizales – Caldas, with headquarters in the La Sultana neighborhood, is an organization made up of 20 people, among whom they hold operational and administrative positions, “Gr. Construcciones” is a company dedicated to providing construction and remodeling services for new and/or used homes. The organization is registered with the chamber and commerce of Manizales through Caldas under the codes: CIIU1 - 4330 & CIIU2 - 4290. For the construction company Gr Construcciones, the scope of the Management System is based on the ISO 14001:2015, ISO 9001:2015, ISO 45001:2018 standards and the standards that apply to the construction and remodeling sector of new homes and/or used. The scope in the organization “Gr. Construcciones” applies to all areas and/or projects that are part of the process map of the construction company “Gr Construcciones”, also considering all interested parties such as the different clients, supply suppliers and the employees that comprise it

Cuestionario PASA (Primary Appraisal Secundary Appraisal) para la evaluación del estrés. Adaptación al español e instrucciones de uso

Dada la escasez de instrumentos que midan la valoración cognitiva siguiendo el modelo de estrés transaccional de Lazarus y Folkman (1984) e identificando claramente tanto la evaluación primaria como la secundaria con todos los componentes propuestos por el modelo de estrés. El presente estudio pretende validar y traducir al español el cuestionario Primary Appraisal Secondary Appraisal (PASA) de Gaab et al. (2004). Así pues, se realiza la traducción del instrumento al español y se incorpora la escala de daño/pérdida que no consta en la versión original. Asimismo, se adaptan los ítems para poder aplicar el instrumento tanto en situaciones anticipatorias de estrés como en situaciones pasadas recientes. Se pasa la nueva versión del instrumento a una muestra de 397 participantes, considerando los dos tipos de situaciones y se analizan los datos a partir de dos análisis factoriales, uno exploratorio y otro confirmatorio que proponen la solución de 5 dimensiones, relacionadas con las escalas de la Evaluación Cognitiva: 3 escalas de Evaluación Primaria (Amenaza, Reto y Pérdida) y 2 de Evaluación Secundaria (Autoeficacia y Expectativa de Control). Se obtienen índices de fiabilidad de a = 0.674 a=0.765. Se concluye que la nueva versión del instrumento en versión española y con la incorporación de la escala de daño/pérdida presenta propiedades psicométricas adecuadas para su uso

Degradación de suelos ocasionados por la minería en la subregión del bajo de Cauca Antioqueño, a partir de los sistemas de información geográficos

La minería es una actividad económica que permite la explotación y la extracción de los minerales que se han acumulado en el suelo y en el subsuelo en forma de yacimiento. En la actualidad la minería es uno de los problemas más graves que enfrenta la subregión del Bajo Cauca Antioqueño debido a que está viene causando fuertes impactos ambientales, principalmente una alta degradación y destrucción de los suelos naturales, situación por la cual estos se encuentran en una evidente alerta ambiental, daños biológicos, geológicos y social son unos de los tanto que enfrentan estos municipios ubicados en la subregión. El presente trabajo busca analizar el impacto en la degradación de suelos que ha ido ocasionando la minería en la subregión del Bajo Cauca Antioqueño, con el uso de los sistemas de información geográfica(SIG), por esta razón se realizo la metodología Corine Land Cover con el fin de identificar y clasificar el uso actual del suelo del área de estudio y así poder analizar las capas del 2002 vs 2018, con los resultados obtenidos se pudo observar los daños que la minería le ha ocasionado a esta zona, pues se evidencia que ha habido un cambio brusco principalmente en el uso de suelos para la agricultura y un aumento considerable de las áreas degradadas, en conclusión la aplicación de SIG ha demostrado ser una herramienta importante y viable para mapear, analizar y entender la extensión y el impacto de la minería en la degradación del sueloMining is an economic activity that allows the exploitation and extraction of minerals that have accumulated in the soil and subsoil in the form of deposits. Currently, mining is one of the most serious problems facing the subregion of Bajo Cauca Antioquia because it is causing strong environmental impacts, mainly high degradation and destruction. of natural soils, a situation by which these They are in an evident environmental alert, biological, geological and social damages are some of the things that these municipalities located in the subregion face. The present work seeks to analyze the impact on the soil degradation that has been causing the mining in the subregion of Bajo Cauca Antioquia, with the use of geographic information systems (GIS), for this reason I carried out the Corine Land Cover methodology with the in order to identify and classify current land use of the study area and thus be able to analyze the layers of 2002 vs 2018, with the results obtained, was able to observe the damage that mining has caused caused to this area, since it is evident that it has there has been a sudden change mainly in the land use for agriculture and an increase considerable amount of degraded areas, in conclusion the application of GIS has shown be an important and viable tool to map, analyze and understand the extent and impact of mining on land degradation floor

When and how do hospital nurses cope with daily stressors? A multilevel study

During their workday, nurses face a variety of stressors that are dealt with using different coping strategies. One criticism of the contextual models of work stress is that they fail to focus on individual responses like coping with stress. Neverthless, little is know about the momentary determinants of coping in nurses. To identify the momentary predictors of problem-focused approaching coping and emotion-focused approaching coping, as well as those for seeking social support and refusal coping strategies, during the working day in nurses. This study uses descriptive, correlational, two-level design with repeated measures. Wards of two University hospitals. A random cohort of 113 nurses was studied. An ecological momentary assessment was made of demand, control, effort, reward, nursing task, coping, mood and fatigue, and of coping style by questionnaire. Multilevel two-level statistical analyses were performed in order to identify both within person and between person relationships. Different momentary types of coping were associated with different tasks. The problem-focused coping could be explained by the direct care and medication tasks, demand, planning coping style, mood, and negatively by acceptation coping style. Emotion-focused coping could be explained by documentation and medication tasks (negatively), mood, demand, distraction, and disengagement coping styles. Seeking social support coping could be explained by the task of communication, mood, fatigue (negatively), and seeking emotional support as a coping style. Refusal coping could be explained by mood, and the coping style of focusing and venting emotions. Refusal coping is not specific to any task. The choice of the coping strategy depends on the task, of their appraisal and on the different styles of coping