Conteúdo e composição do óleo essencial da Artemisia annua em duas épocas de colheita

Artemisia annua is traditionally used in the treatment for malaria due to presence of the active principle artemisinin. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the essential oil content and chemical composition of A. annua submitted to four doses of mineral fertilization in two harvest times. The seedlings of A. annua were cultivated in 10 L pots kept in a greenhouse. The tested doses of mineral fertilization were the following: without fertilization (D0), 50% of the recommended dose (D1), recommended dose (D2), and 150% of the recommended dose (D3). The samples for extracting the essential oils were collected at 60 and 125 days after transplantation (DAT). The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation using a Clevenger-type apparatus. Identification and relative percentage of the compounds of the essential oil were performed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The highest essential oil content obtained was 0.81% using the dose D0 at 60 DAT. The increase of the dose of mineral fertilization indicated a disadvantage with the reduction of the essential oil content in the two harvesting times. The major constituents found in the essential oil were camphor and borneol. The results indicate that A. annua could be an alternative source of borneol and camphor, active component with use in the chemical and pharmaceutical industry.Artemisia annua é utilizada tradicionalmente para o tratamento da malária devido à presença do princípio ativo artemisinina. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o teor e a composição química do óleo essencial de A. annua submetida a quatro doses de adubação mineral em duas épocas de colheita. As mudas de A. annua foram cultivadas em vasos de 10 L mantidas em casa de vegetação. As doses testadas de fertilização mineral foram as seguintes: sem fertilização (D0), 50% da dose recomendada (D1), dose recomendada (D2) e 150% da dose recomendada (D3). As amostras para extração dos óleos essenciais foram coletadas aos 60 e 125 dias após o transplante (DAT). O óleo essencial foi obtido por hidrodestilação usando um aparelho do tipo Clevenger. A identificação e a porcentagem relativa dos compostos do óleo essencial foram realizadas por cromatografia gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massa. O maior teor de óleo essencial obtido foi de 0,81% na dose D0 aos 60 DAT. O aumento da dose de adubação mineral indicou uma desvantagem com a redução do teor de óleo essencial nas duas épocas de colheita. Os constituintes majoritários encontrados no óleo essencial foram cânfora e borneol. Os resultados indicam que A. annua pode ser uma fonte alternative de borneol e cânfora, princípios ativos com uso na indústria química e farmacêutica

Bioatividade de óleos essenciais sobre o fungo Didymella bryoniae da cultura do pepino

The objective of this study was to evaluate the in vitro antifungal activity of the essential oil of five plant species in the inhibition of mycelial growth of the fungus Didymella bryoniae causer of the gummy stem blight of cucumber (Cucumis sativa). In the inhibition of the mycelial growth of the fungus D. bryoniae was used five concentrations (250, 500, 750, 1000 and 1250 ppm) of essential oil of citronella grass (Cymbopogon nardus), lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus), peppermint (Mentha piperita), lemongrass (Lippia alba) and eucalipto citriodora (Eucalyptus citriodora), in five times of assessment (2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 days after transplanting). Another experiment was performed with lower concentrations of essential oil of citronella grass (150, 300, 450 and 600 ppm) in four times of assessment (3, 5, 7 and 9 days after transplanting). The essential oils were distributed on the surface of the PDA meium crop (potato-dextrose-agar) for assessment of mycelial growth in different concentrations. The experiments were conducted in a completely randomized design with four replications. The essential oil of lemongrass provided the highest effect of inhibition of mycelial growth of D. bryoniae, 100% of inhibition at all tested concentrations. The essential oil of eucalipto citriodora (Eucalyptus citriodora) provided the smaller effect of inhibition.El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la actividad antifúngica in vitro de aceite esencial de cinco especies de plantas en la inhibición del crecimiento micelial del hongo Didymella bryoniae causador del tizón gomoso del tallo del pepino (Cucumis sativus). En la inhibición del crecimiento del micelio del hongo D. bryoniae se utilizaron cinco concentraciones (250, 500, 750, 1000 y 1250 ppm) de aceite esencial de hierba citronela (Cymbopogon nardus), hierba limón (Cymbopogon citratus), menta piperita (Mentha piperita), hierba prontoalívio (Lippia alba) e eucalipto citriodora (Eucalyptus citriodora), en cinco épocas de evaluación (2, 4, 6, 8 y 10 días después del trasplante). Otro experimento se llevó a cabo con concentraciones más bajas del aceite esencial de hierba citronela (150, 300, 450 y ppm 600) en cuatro épocas de evaluación (días 3, 5, 7 y 9 después del trasplante). Los aceites esenciales se han distribuido sobre la superficie del medio de cultivo PDA (agar de dextrosa de patata) para evaluar el crecimiento del micelio en diferentes concentraciones. Los experimentos se llevaron a cabo en un diseño completamente al azar con cuatro repeticiones. El aceite esencial de hierba limón produjo el mayor efecto de inhibición del crecimiento micelial del hongo D. bryoniae, 100% de inhibición en todas las concentraciones utilizadas. El aceite esencial de eucalipto citriodora (Eucalyptus citriodora) fue el que causó el menor efecto de inhibición.O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a atividade fungicida in vitro do óleo essencial de cinco espécies vegetais na inibição do crescimento micelial do fungo Didymella bryoniae causador crestamento gomoso da haste do pepino (Cucumis sativus). Na inibição do crescimento micelial do fungo D. bryoniae foram usadas cinco concentrações (250, 500, 750, 1000 e 1250 ppm) do óleo essencial de capim-citronela (Cymbopogon nardus), capim-limão (Cymbopogon citratus), hortelã-pimenta (Mentha piperita), erva-cidreira (Lippia alba) e eucalipto citriodora (Eucalyptus citriodora), em cinco épocas de avaliação (2, 4, 6, 8 e 10 dias após repicagem). Outro experimento foi realizado com concentrações menores do óleo essencial do capim citronela (150, 300, 450 e 600 ppm), em quatro épocas de avaliação (3, 5, 7 e 9 dias após repicagem). Os óleos essenciais foram distribuídos na superfície do meio de cultura BDA (batata-dextrose-ágar) para avaliação do crescimento micelial nas diferentes concentrações. Os experimentos foram instalados no delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. O óleo essencial do capim-limão proporcionou o maior efeito de inibição do crescimento micelial do fungo D. bryoniae, 100 % de inibição em todas as concentrações utilizadas. O óleo essencial do eucalipto citriodora (Eucalyptus citriodora) proporcionou o menor efeito de inibição

Avaliação do efeito curativo e preventivo do óleo essencial do capim citronela no controle de Pyricularia grisea

The rice blast is the most important disease of the rice, due to the damage that it causes in the productivity andgrain quality. Aiming at the use of essential oils and plant extracts to control this disease. The objective of this study was to evaluate the curative and preventive effect of the extracts and essential oil of citronella grass (Cymbopogon nardus L.) to control rice blast. The evaluation of the curative effect was performed seven days after the sprayingwith the extracts of citronella grass. As for the evaluation of preventive effect, the plants were sprayed with thetreatments and 24 hours after inoculated with 20 mL of the spore solution per tray. In the assessing of the curative effect, it was found that the application of fungicide and the diluted essential oil of citronella grass at a concentration of 2% plants showed no symptoms of blast in 50% of the repetitions. Regarding the evaluation of preventive effect, the plants showed no symptoms of the disease in concentrations of 1.5, 1.75 and 2% of the essential oil of citronella grass in 50% of the repetitions.A brusone é a doença de maior importância da cultura do arroz, devido aos prejuízos que causa na produtividade e na qualidade dos grãos. Visando o emprego de óleos essencial e extratos vegetais no controle desta doença, objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o efeito curativo e preventivo de extratos e óleo essencial do capim citronela (Cymbopogon nardus L.) no controle da brusone do arroz. A avaliação do efeito curativo foi realizada após sete dias da pulverização com os extratos do capim citronela. Quanto à avaliação do efeito preventivo, as plantas foram pulverizadas com os tratamentos e após 24 horas inoculadas com 20mL da solução de esporos por bandeja. Na avaliação do efeito curativo, verificou-se que com a aplicação do fungicida e do óleo essencial diluído do capim citronela na concentração de 2% as plantas não apresentaram sintomas da brusone em 50% das repetições. Em relação à avaliação do efeito preventivo, as plantas não apresentaram sintomas da doença nas concentrações de 1,5; 1,75 e 2% do óleo essencial do capim citronela em 50% das repetições

Differential cross section measurements for the production of a W boson in association with jets in proton–proton collisions at √s = 7 TeV

Measurements are reported of differential cross sections for the production of a W boson, which decays into a muon and a neutrino, in association with jets, as a function of several variables, including the transverse momenta (pT) and pseudorapidities of the four leading jets, the scalar sum of jet transverse momenta (HT), and the difference in azimuthal angle between the directions of each jet and the muon. The data sample of pp collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV was collected with the CMS detector at the LHC and corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 5.0 fb[superscript −1]. The measured cross sections are compared to predictions from Monte Carlo generators, MadGraph + pythia and sherpa, and to next-to-leading-order calculations from BlackHat + sherpa. The differential cross sections are found to be in agreement with the predictions, apart from the pT distributions of the leading jets at high pT values, the distributions of the HT at high-HT and low jet multiplicity, and the distribution of the difference in azimuthal angle between the leading jet and the muon at low values.United States. Dept. of EnergyNational Science Foundation (U.S.)Alfred P. Sloan Foundatio

Optimasi Portofolio Resiko Menggunakan Model Markowitz MVO Dikaitkan dengan Keterbatasan Manusia dalam Memprediksi Masa Depan dalam Perspektif Al-Qur`an

Risk portfolio on modern finance has become increasingly technical, requiring the use of sophisticated mathematical tools in both research and practice. Since companies cannot insure themselves completely against risk, as human incompetence in predicting the future precisely that written in Al-Quran surah Luqman verse 34, they have to manage it to yield an optimal portfolio. The objective here is to minimize the variance among all portfolios, or alternatively, to maximize expected return among all portfolios that has at least a certain expected return. Furthermore, this study focuses on optimizing risk portfolio so called Markowitz MVO (Mean-Variance Optimization). Some theoretical frameworks for analysis are arithmetic mean, geometric mean, variance, covariance, linear programming, and quadratic programming. Moreover, finding a minimum variance portfolio produces a convex quadratic programming, that is minimizing the objective function ðð¥with constraintsð ð 𥠥 ðandð´ð¥ = ð. The outcome of this research is the solution of optimal risk portofolio in some investments that could be finished smoothly using MATLAB R2007b software together with its graphic analysis

Penilaian Kinerja Keuangan Koperasi di Kabupaten Pelalawan

This paper describe development and financial performance of cooperative in District Pelalawan among 2007 - 2008. Studies on primary and secondary cooperative in 12 sub-districts. Method in this stady use performance measuring of productivity, efficiency, growth, liquidity, and solvability of cooperative. Productivity of cooperative in Pelalawan was highly but efficiency still low. Profit and income were highly, even liquidity of cooperative very high, and solvability was good

Juxtaposing BTE and ATE – on the role of the European insurance industry in funding civil litigation

One of the ways in which legal services are financed, and indeed shaped, is through private insurance arrangement. Two contrasting types of legal expenses insurance contracts (LEI) seem to dominate in Europe: before the event (BTE) and after the event (ATE) legal expenses insurance. Notwithstanding institutional differences between different legal systems, BTE and ATE insurance arrangements may be instrumental if government policy is geared towards strengthening a market-oriented system of financing access to justice for individuals and business. At the same time, emphasizing the role of a private industry as a keeper of the gates to justice raises issues of accountability and transparency, not readily reconcilable with demands of competition. Moreover, multiple actors (clients, lawyers, courts, insurers) are involved, causing behavioural dynamics which are not easily predicted or influenced. Against this background, this paper looks into BTE and ATE arrangements by analysing the particularities of BTE and ATE arrangements currently available in some European jurisdictions and by painting a picture of their respective markets and legal contexts. This allows for some reflection on the performance of BTE and ATE providers as both financiers and keepers. Two issues emerge from the analysis that are worthy of some further reflection. Firstly, there is the problematic long-term sustainability of some ATE products. Secondly, the challenges faced by policymakers that would like to nudge consumers into voluntarily taking out BTE LEI

Search for stop and higgsino production using diphoton Higgs boson decays

Results are presented of a search for a "natural" supersymmetry scenario with gauge mediated symmetry breaking. It is assumed that only the supersymmetric partners of the top-quark (stop) and the Higgs boson (higgsino) are accessible. Events are examined in which there are two photons forming a Higgs boson candidate, and at least two b-quark jets. In 19.7 inverse femtobarns of proton-proton collision data at sqrt(s) = 8 TeV, recorded in the CMS experiment, no evidence of a signal is found and lower limits at the 95% confidence level are set, excluding the stop mass below 360 to 410 GeV, depending on the higgsino mass

Severe early onset preeclampsia: short and long term clinical, psychosocial and biochemical aspects

Preeclampsia is a pregnancy specific disorder commonly defined as de novo hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks gestational age. It occurs in approximately 3-5% of pregnancies and it is still a major cause of both foetal and maternal morbidity and mortality worldwide1. As extensive research has not yet elucidated the aetiology of preeclampsia, there are no rational preventive or therapeutic interventions available. The only rational treatment is delivery, which benefits the mother but is not in the interest of the foetus, if remote from term. Early onset preeclampsia (<32 weeks’ gestational age) occurs in less than 1% of pregnancies. It is, however often associated with maternal morbidity as the risk of progression to severe maternal disease is inversely related with gestational age at onset2. Resulting prematurity is therefore the main cause of neonatal mortality and morbidity in patients with severe preeclampsia3. Although the discussion is ongoing, perinatal survival is suggested to be increased in patients with preterm preeclampsia by expectant, non-interventional management. This temporising treatment option to lengthen pregnancy includes the use of antihypertensive medication to control hypertension, magnesium sulphate to prevent eclampsia and corticosteroids to enhance foetal lung maturity4. With optimal maternal haemodynamic status and reassuring foetal condition this results on average in an extension of 2 weeks. Prolongation of these pregnancies is a great challenge for clinicians to balance between potential maternal risks on one the eve hand and possible foetal benefits on the other. Clinical controversies regarding prolongation of preterm preeclamptic pregnancies still exist – also taking into account that preeclampsia is the leading cause of maternal mortality in the Netherlands5 - a debate which is even more pronounced in very preterm pregnancies with questionable foetal viability6-9. Do maternal risks of prolongation of these very early pregnancies outweigh the chances of neonatal survival? Counselling of women with very early onset preeclampsia not only comprises of knowledge of the outcome of those particular pregnancies, but also knowledge of outcomes of future pregnancies of these women is of major clinical importance. This thesis opens with a review of the literature on identifiable risk factors of preeclampsia

Search for heavy resonances decaying to two Higgs bosons in final states containing four b quarks

A search is presented for narrow heavy resonances X decaying into pairs of Higgs bosons (H) in proton-proton collisions collected by the CMS experiment at the LHC at root s = 8 TeV. The data correspond to an integrated luminosity of 19.7 fb(-1). The search considers HH resonances with masses between 1 and 3 TeV, having final states of two b quark pairs. Each Higgs boson is produced with large momentum, and the hadronization products of the pair of b quarks can usually be reconstructed as single large jets. The background from multijet and t (t) over bar events is significantly reduced by applying requirements related to the flavor of the jet, its mass, and its substructure. The signal would be identified as a peak on top of the dijet invariant mass spectrum of the remaining background events. No evidence is observed for such a signal. Upper limits obtained at 95 confidence level for the product of the production cross section and branching fraction sigma(gg -> X) B(X -> HH -> b (b) over barb (b) over bar) range from 10 to 1.5 fb for the mass of X from 1.15 to 2.0 TeV, significantly extending previous searches. For a warped extra dimension theory with amass scale Lambda(R) = 1 TeV, the data exclude radion scalar masses between 1.15 and 1.55 TeV