Dynamical horizon of evaporating black hole in Vaidya spacetime

We consider how the mass of the black hole decreases by the Hawking radiation in the Vaidya spacetime, using the concept of dynamical horizon equation, proposed by Ashtekar and Krishnan. Using the formula for the change of the dynamical horizon, we derive an equation for the mass incorporating the Hawking radiation. It is shown that final state is the Minkowski spacetime in our particular model.Comment: 6 pages, 2 figure

Leukocyte-mimetic liposomes possessing leukocyte membrane proteins pass through inflamed endothelial cell layer by regulating intercellular junctions

Nanoparticles such as liposomes have been applied for the treatment of various diseases such as cancer and inflammatory diseases by utilizing the enhanced permeability and retention effect. However, their entry into inflammation sites is still limited since passive delivery of nanoparticles is often hampered by the presence of endothelial barriers. As leukocytes can pass through the inflamed endothelium via utilizing membrane protein functions, we hypothesized that incorporating leukocyte membrane proteins onto liposomal membranes may impart leukocyte-mimicking functions to liposomes, allowing for their adherence to and active passage through the inflamed endothelium. Herein, we developed leukocyte-mimetic liposomes (LM-Lipo) by leukocyte membrane protein transfer and evaluated their function in vitro. Transfer of membrane proteins from human leukemia cells onto liposomal membranes allowed for significant association of the liposomes with inflamed human endothelial cells, and subsequent passage through inflamed endothelial cell layer. The confocal images showed that LM-Lipo significantly induced vascular endothelial-cadherin displacement. These results indicate that LM-Lipo adhered to and regulated intercellular junctions of inflamed endothelial cell layer, resulting in passage through the layer, by mimicking the function of leukocytes. Furthermore, it is suggested that liposomes possessing leukocyte-like functions could be useful for drug delivery to inflammation sites by overcoming endothelial barriers

η\eta-pairing on bipartite and non-bipartite lattices

The $\eta$-pairing is a type of Cooper pairing state in which the phase of the superconducting order parameter is aligned in a staggered manner, in contrast to the usual BCS superconductors with a spatially uniform phase. In this study, we search for a characteristic $\eta$-pairing state in a triangular lattice where a simple staggered alignment of the phase is not possible. As an example, we consider the attractive Hubbard model on both the square and triangular lattices under strong external Zeeman field. Using the mean-field approximation, we have identified several $\eta$-pairing states. Additionally, we have examined the electromagnetic stability of the pairing state by calculating the Meissner kernel. Odd-frequency pairing plays a crucial role in achieving diamagnetic response if the electrons experience a staggered superconducting phase during the propagation of current.Comment: 12 pages, 10 figure