Volunteers in the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake : Their works in the disaster and the effects upon the attitude toward the volunteering

本研究は，阪神・淡路大震災において組織的に活動に参加したボランティアに焦点を当てた。彼らは2つのタイプに分けられ，1つは，ボランティア団体が呼びかけた「救援プロジェクト」に登録した“救援ボランティア”，もう1つは，災害前から所属して活動していた“会員ボランティア”である。これらの災害ボランティア自身や彼らによる活動の特徴，そしてその活動経験がボランティアに対する態度や活動意欲に及ぼす影響を明らかにするために質問紙調査を郵送法によって行った。調査の主な結果は以下の通りである。救援ボランティアの多くはボランティア経験がほとんどなく，他者志向的動機から活動に参加した。会員ボランティアのほとんどは，自己の活動に満足していたが，救援ボランティアの多くは，満足していなかった。しかし，両方のボランティアの多くは，災害ボランティアの有意義性を認め，将来ボランティア活動に参加したいと思っていた。このように，活動経験は，ボランティアに対する彼らの態度と活動意欲に対してポジティブな影響を与えていた。This study focused upon the volunteers who worked through volunteer organizations in the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake. They are sorted into the following two types, "rescuer volunteer" and "member volunteer" of the organization. In order to clarify their characteristics, the volunteers\u27 works and the effeets of their experiences on their attitude toward volunteering, we have carried out a mailing survey. The main results are as follows. Many of the "rescuer volunteers" had had no experience of volunteer works and participated in the works through the other-oriented motive. Although most of the "member volunteers" were satisfied with their works, many of the "rescuer volunteers" were not. Many of both types of volunteers came to recognize that volunteer works were worthwhile and had strong desire to participate in other volunteer works in future. This is evidence that the experience of volunteer work in the disaster changed attitudes toward volunteering in a favorableway

Helping Behavior Toward the Visually Impaired : The Quality of Helping Behavior and the Difference in Helping Evaluation Between Helper and Recipient.

本研究の目的は，どのような援助が視覚障害者の望む質の高い援助なのか，また，視覚障害者と晴眼者とでその質認知がいかに異なるかを検討することである。第1調査においては，面接によって，10人の視覚障害者から質の高い援助行動と質の低い援助行動を収集した。第2調査においては，246名の大学生（晴眼者）を対象に，質問紙によって，視覚障害者に対する援助行動の望ましさ認知，障害者との接触頻度，共感性，援助行動傾向を調査した。その結果，質の高い援助として，潜在的，あるいは，顕在的困窮状態での情報提供行動，気遣い･配慮行動が，質の低い援助行動として，望まれない援助行動と消極的援助行動が明らかになった。また，援助の質認知の不一致の大きさは，障害者との接触頻度，そして共感性の特性により規定されることが明らかになった。The purpose of this study is to examine the quality of helping behaviors toward people with visual impairments, and the difference in helping evaluation between the helper and the recipient. First, interviews of 10 people with visual impairments were used to develop a pool of high and poor quality helping behaviors. 246 college students (none with visual impairments) then rated the helping behaviors in terms of their desirability from the point of view of people with visual impairments. Measures of contact with disabled persons, empathy and tendency to help were also obtained. According to the interviews, high quality helping behaviors included showing concern and consideration, and notification or warning to the visually impaired person of a potential occurance of difficulty. Low quality helping behaviors included unwanted help, and passive, halfhearted assistance. The degree to which the college students\u27 evaluations differed from those of the visually impaired concerning the desirability of helping behaviors was predicted by the amount of previous contact with disabled persons, and empathy

Volunteers in the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake : The characteristics of volunteers who had been working in some shelters

1995年1月17日，兵庫県南部で発生した壊滅的大地震は，関西地区に住む多くの人たちに甚大な被害をもたらした。被災地および避難者を支援するために，地震直後から各避難所においてボランティアは活発に活動していた。我々は，阪神・淡路大震災において活躍したボランティア像を明らかにするために，神戸市東灘区の8カ所と芦屋市の1カ所の避難所で，地震からほぼ1カ月後，2カ月後の2回，そこで活動するボランティアを対象にインタビュー調査を実施した。被験者の数は，第1調査で106，第2調査で83であった。調査の結果，ボランティアの大半が，今までにボランティア活動を経験したことが無く，彼らの主要な参加動機は「被援助者（被災者）が援助を必要としている」といった他者志向的な動機であった。多くのボランティアは活動を行う上で種々の問題を抱えていたが，自己の活動に満足し，その上，現在の活動終了後も何らかのボランティア活動に参加したいと思っていた。The disastrous earthquarke that occurred on January 17th 1995 in South Hyogo has caused serious disruption of the lives of residents in the Kansai district. A great number of volunteers worked hard immediately after the earthquake in many shelters, in order to support refugees in the disaster area. For examination of the characteristics of these volunteers, twice at an interval of one month we interviewed those who had been working in 8 shelters at Higashina da-ku in Kobe city and one shelter at Ashiya city. The number of subjects was 106 in the first survey, 83 in the second survey. Our survey showed that most of volunteers had no experience of volunteer works, and one of their main motives was \u27other-oriented\u27, such as "victims seem to need help." Even though most of the volunteers encountered various problems, they were satisfied with their volunteer work and wanted to participate in future volunteer works

The effects of volunteer work upon the attitude toward volunteering : A comparison of volunteering attitudes after 6 and 60 months.

高木・玉木（1996）は、阪神・淡路大地震から約半年が経過した時点でボランティア団体を通じて活動したボランティアに焦点をあて、その経験がボランティア全般への態度や意欲にどのような影響を及ぼしているかを明らかにした。本研究では、ボランティア活動から5年が経った時点で、その影響過程がどのように変遷しているかを明らかにすることを目的とした。調査対象者は、高木・玉木(1996)で調査対象者となった救援ボランティア181名と会員ボランティア123名の合計304名である。調査の結果、ボランティア活動についての満足感等の感情に基づく直接的評価がボランティア全般への態度や意欲に及ぼす影響は、半年後のそれより弱まっていた。逆に、活動を通して得られる報酬、活動にかかるコスト、周囲からの期待などの参加に伴う利得・出費の分析という合理的認知判断が5年後の態度や意欲に影響していることが明らかになった。In 1996, Takagi and Tamaki focused on the performed volunteer work through volunteering organization, five months after the Great Hanshin-Awaji earthquake, and disclosed the effect in which how the volunteering experience affected the attitudes toward over all volunteering and volunteering motivation. In this study, the purpose was to clarify how the affective process changed five years after the initial volunteer work at the earthquake. Subjects were 181 rescue volunteers and 123 affiliated volunteers, a total of 304, who were also the subjects for the study in 1996 (Takagi and Tamaki). As a result, the effect in which direct evaluation based on emotions such as contentment regarding volunteer work influences attitudes toward over all volunteering and volunteering motivation was found to be weaker than the data taken five months after the earthquake. On the contrary, it was unveiled that rational appraisal on the benefits and investment for involving the activity (e.g., reward through the activity, involved costs, expectation from the surroundings) influenced the attitudes and motivation of five years after the earthquake.この研究は、文部省科学研究費・基盤研究(C) 地震危機管理システムの日米中比較分析（代表者、山川雄巳）の一環として行われた

Empagliflozin in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease

Background The effects of empagliflozin in patients with chronic kidney disease who are at risk for disease progression are not well understood. The EMPA-KIDNEY trial was designed to assess the effects of treatment with empagliflozin in a broad range of such patients. Methods We enrolled patients with chronic kidney disease who had an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of at least 20 but less than 45 ml per minute per 1.73 m(2) of body-surface area, or who had an eGFR of at least 45 but less than 90 ml per minute per 1.73 m(2) with a urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (with albumin measured in milligrams and creatinine measured in grams) of at least 200. Patients were randomly assigned to receive empagliflozin (10 mg once daily) or matching placebo. The primary outcome was a composite of progression of kidney disease (defined as end-stage kidney disease, a sustained decrease in eGFR to < 10 ml per minute per 1.73 m(2), a sustained decrease in eGFR of & GE;40% from baseline, or death from renal causes) or death from cardiovascular causes. Results A total of 6609 patients underwent randomization. During a median of 2.0 years of follow-up, progression of kidney disease or death from cardiovascular causes occurred in 432 of 3304 patients (13.1%) in the empagliflozin group and in 558 of 3305 patients (16.9%) in the placebo group (hazard ratio, 0.72; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.64 to 0.82; P < 0.001). Results were consistent among patients with or without diabetes and across subgroups defined according to eGFR ranges. The rate of hospitalization from any cause was lower in the empagliflozin group than in the placebo group (hazard ratio, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.78 to 0.95; P=0.003), but there were no significant between-group differences with respect to the composite outcome of hospitalization for heart failure or death from cardiovascular causes (which occurred in 4.0% in the empagliflozin group and 4.6% in the placebo group) or death from any cause (in 4.5% and 5.1%, respectively). The rates of serious adverse events were similar in the two groups. Conclusions Among a wide range of patients with chronic kidney disease who were at risk for disease progression, empagliflozin therapy led to a lower risk of progression of kidney disease or death from cardiovascular causes than placebo