Additive effects of green tea and coffee on all-cause mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: the Fukuoka Diabetes Registry

Introduction The impact of consuming green tea or coffee on mortality in patients with diabetes is controversial. We prospectively investigated the impact of each beverage and their combination on mortality among Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes.Research design and methods In all, 4923 patients (2790 men, 2133 women) with type 2 diabetes (mean age, 66 years) were followed prospectively (median, 5.3 years; follow-up rate, 99.5%). We evaluated the amount of green tea and coffee consumed using self-administered questionnaires.Results During the follow-up period, 309 participants died. The consumption of green tea, coffee, and a combination of the beverages was associated with reduced all-cause mortality. Multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (95% CIs) for green tea were as follows: none 1.0 (referent); 0.85 (0.60–1.22) for ≤1 cup/day; 0.73 (0.51–1.03) for 2–3 cups/day; 0.60 (0.42–0.85) for ≥4 cups/day; and P for trend, 0.002. For coffee, they were: none 1.0 (referent); 0.88 (0.66–1.18) for <1 cup/day; 0.81 (0.58–1.13) for 1 cup/day; 0.59 (0.42–0.82) for ≥2 cups/day; P for trend, 0.002. With the combination they were 1.0 (referent) for no consumption of green tea and coffee; 0.49 (0.24–0.99) for 2–3 cups/day of green tea with ≥2 cups/day of coffee; 0.42 (0.20–0.88) for ≥4 cups/day of green tea with 1 cup/day of coffee; and 0.37 (0.18–0.77) for ≥4 cups/day of green tea with ≥2 cups/day of coffee.Conclusions Higher consumption of green tea and coffee was associated with reduced all-cause mortality: their combined effect appeared to be additive in patients with type 2 diabetes

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Additional file 7: Figure S4. of The gene–treatment interaction of paraoxonase-1 gene polymorphism and statin therapy on insulin secretion in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes: Fukuoka diabetes registry

Association of PON1 Q192R polymorphism with FPG, HbA1c, C peptide, and HOMA2-%β after stratified analysis by statin therapy (IPTW). Data are expressed as adjusted mean (95% CI) referring to ANCOVA; P value refers to multiple regression analysis. * P < 0.05 for trend. (DOCX 68 kb

Additional file 6: Figure S3. of The gene–treatment interaction of paraoxonase-1 gene polymorphism and statin therapy on insulin secretion in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes: Fukuoka diabetes registry

Association of PON1 Q192R polymorphism with FPG, HbA1c, C peptide, and HOMA2-%β after stratified analysis by statin therapy (after 1:1 matching). Data are expressed as mean (SD) referring to ANCOVA; P value refers to multiple regression analysis. * P < 0.05 for trend. (DOCX 72 kb

Additional file 4: Table S3. of The gene–treatment interaction of paraoxonase-1 gene polymorphism and statin therapy on insulin secretion in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes: Fukuoka diabetes registry

Clinical characteristics according to statin therapy (after 1:1 matching). Data are expressed as mean ± SD, median (interquartile), and n (percentage). CVD: cardiovascular disease, OHA: oral hypoglycemic agents, α-GI: alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, DPP4-I: inhibitors of type 4 dipeptidyl peptidase.* log-transformed for the statistical analysis. (DOCX 14 kb