Palladium-Catalysed Aminocarbonylation Reactions of Iodoarenes and Iodoalkenes

Palladium-Catalysed Aminocarbonylation Reactions of Iodoarenes and Iodoalkenes11

Some statistical aspects of the semi-probablistic approach (partial factoring) of the EUROCODE 7

The definition of the characteristic values of the soil parameters (according to EUROCODE 7) constitutes one of the most critical tasks in geotechnical calculations. The methods and the procedures related to the calculation of the characteristic values for the soil parameters with normal or lognormal distribution, related to four several cases (for statistical ``known´´ or ``unknown´´ parameter and for average value or extreme value), considering the cases when previous knowledges are or are not available are summarized in this paper. The confidence level concept is connected to the design value and the partial factor concepts. In addition, some interesting cases are analysed (i.e. the case of parameters that vary with depth, a case where the characteristic value of the lower estimate of the mean is greater than the upper estimate of the mean of the parameter value)

Utószó

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Small-scale human-biometeorological impacts of shading by a large tree

This study provides evidences on the beneficial small-scale human-biometeorological effects of a large shade tree during the daytime in summer. We carried out detailed measurement from 10 am to 6 pm with two human-biometeorological stations on a popular square in Szeged, Hungary. One of the stations stood under a great Sophora japonica, while the other in the sun. Compared to the sunny location, we found 0.5°C lower air temperature, 2% higher relative humidity and 0.4 hPa higher vapor pressure under the tree. From human-biometeorological point of view, we observed more significant differences. The tree reduced the mean radiant temperature by 22.1°C and the physiological equivalent temperature by 9.3°C - indicating about two categories lower physiological stress on the human body. In order to demonstrate the background mechanisms of these differences, we analyzed separately the components of the radiation budget. The effect of tree crown on radiation components was found to be greater in the short-wave domain than in the long-wave domain. The extended foliage reduced the solar radiation from the upper hemisphere and thus lowered the radiation from the ground (the reflected short-wave and the emitted longwave flux densities) along with the radiation from the lateral directions

Role of herbaria in current botanical research (case studies)

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