On Formal Specification of Maple Programs

This paper is an example-based demonstration of our initial results on the formal specification of programs written in the computer algebra language MiniMaple (a substantial subset of Maple with slight extensions). The main goal of this work is to define a verification framework for MiniMaple. Formal specification of MiniMaple programs is rather complex task as it supports non-standard types of objects, e.g. symbols and unevaluated expressions, and additional functions and predicates, e.g. runtime type tests etc. We have used the specification language to specify various computer algebra concepts respective objects of the Maple package DifferenceDifferential developed at our institute

Tonga: Chronic Diseases

Tonga is an Archipelago in the south Pacific Ocean, south of Samoa. The public health brief project is on chronic diseases in Tonga. The total population of Tonga was 107,122 in 2010. The Free Wesleyan Church of Tonga is the established religion in Tonga. Tongan’s make up the majority of the population but there are other ethnicities such as Euromericans and Europeans too. The major challenges faced by Tonga are decaying infrastructure, low economy, and political corruption. The widespread of non-communicable diseases such as cancer is a major health issue in Tonga. 74% of all adults in Tonga are the victim of these diseases. More than half of the total population is affected by the non-communicable diseases. There is no specific treatment available to cure non-communicable diseases. Vaccines and immunizations are ineffective against these diseases. However, certain measures can be taken to reduce the sufferings of the affected. Primary prevention should be the main aim to prevent chronic diseases. Most of the chronic diseases are incurable. Unhealthy diet, tobacco use, and physical inactivity are the essential causes of chronic diseases

Financial Distress in Glass Industry of Pakistan: Using Altaman’s Zscore

Better economy is always greater concern of every country, for this concern there is greater role of industry especially the glass industry. It is very important to assess the risk faced by glass industry and provide some solutions. This research is done to analyze the financial distress in glass industry, the secondary data from 2011-2015 was taken and used Altman’s Z score to find out the research results. The research results showed that the glass industry faced financial distress due to unstable political conditions. This research will helpful for allied industries and managers to revise their business strategies to maximize the market shares. Keywords: Financial Distress, Political Setup, Prediction, Policie

Sound and Complete Runtime Security Monitor for Application Software

Conventional approaches for ensuring the security of application software at run-time, through monitoring, either produce (high rates of) false alarms (e.g. intrusion detection systems) or limit application performance (e.g. run-time verification). We present a runtime security monitor that detects both known and unknown cyber attacks by checking that the run-time behavior of the application is consistent with the expected behavior modeled in application specification. This is crucial because, even if the implementation is consistent with its specification, the application may still be vulnerable due to flaws in the supporting infrastructure (e.g. the language runtime system, libraries and operating system). This runtime security monitor is sound and complete, eliminating false alarms, as well as efficient, so that it does not limit runtime application performance and so that it supports real-time systems. The security monitor takes as input the application specification and the application implementation, which may be expressed in different languages. The specification language of the application software is formalized based on monadic second order logic and event calculus interpreted over algebraic data structures. This language allows us to express behavior of an application at any desired (and practical) level of abstraction as well as with high degree of modularity. The security monitor detects every attack by systematically comparing the application execution and specification behaviors at runtime, even though they operate at two different levels of abstraction. We define the denotational semantics of the specification language and prove that the monitor is sound and complete. Furthermore, the monitor is efficient because of the modular application specification at appropriate level(s) of abstraction

Technique detection software for Sparse Matrices

Sparse storage formats are techniques for storing and processing the sparse matrix data efficiently. The performance of these storage formats depend upon the distribution of non-zeros, within the matrix in different dimensions. In order to have better results we need a technique that suits best the organization of data in a particular matrix. So the decision of selecting a better technique is the main step towards improving the system's results otherwise the efficiency can be decreased. The purpose of this research is to help identify the best storage format in case of reduced storage size and high processing efficiency for a sparse matrix

The Tendency of Customers towards the Acceptance of Islamic Banking in Bahawalpur Region, Pakistan

Purpose: the objective of this research report is to examine the tendency of banking customers towards Islamic Banking as compare to Conventional Banking and the awareness of Islamic Banking in its ultimate customers in Bahawalpur region of Pakistan. Design/methodology/approach: in this study the researcher used both analytical and descriptive forms of research design for this research study. The core purpose of descriptive research is to illustrate the present state of affairs. Analytical research philosophy design is used to investigate the existing facts from the data collected from the target respondents. The sample size consists of 125 customers of Islamic Banks from 20 Banks of Bahawalpur region Pakistan. A comprehensive questionnaire is developed to collect data on a scale for evaluating the theoretical model of this paper. Findings: factors abstracted from the tendency of customer toward Islamic banking, Interest free banking, Mutual participation, Transparency, Service quality and Marketing strategy have shown significant relations of the customers in using the services of Islamic banking as compared to conventional set up of services provided by banks. Research limitations/ implication: most of the concerned articles are taken from Malaysia, Kenya and Canada etc countries, limited time for collecting the data and conducting the questionnaire survey. The sample size was small to only 125 respondents but the results are implicated on overall customer's loyalty in Islamic banking. It is suggested that the study should be conducted in the whole country, Pakistan. Originality/value: the previous studies are country based, but this study has been conducted to specifically focus the Bahawalpur region of southern Punjab, Pakistan which aimed at identifying the accurate response of customer's tendency towards Islamic banking and it could be very useful for cities adopting Islamic banking. Keywords: Islamic Finance, Services of Islamic Banking, Religious commitment in banking, Interest free banking, Islamic Banking

On the Formal Semantics of the Cognitive Middleware AWDRAT

The purpose of this work is two fold: on one hand we want to formalize the behavior of critical components of the self generating and adapting cognitive middleware AWDRAT such that the formalism not only helps to understand the semantics and technical details of the middleware but also opens an opportunity to extend the middleware to support other complex application domains of cybersecurity; on the other hand, the formalism serves as a prerequisite for our proof of the behavioral correctness of the critical components to ensure the safety of the middleware itself. However, here we focus only on the core and critical component of the middleware, i.e. Execution Monitor which is a part of the module "Architectural Differencer" of AWDRAT. The role of the execution monitor is to identify inconsistencies between run-time observations of the target system and predictions of the System Architectural Model. Therefore, to achieve this goal, we first define the formal (denotational) semantics of the observations (run-time events) and predictions (executable specifications as of System Architectural Model); then based on the aforementioned formal semantics, we formalize the behavior of the "Execution Monitor" of the middleware

Future Computing: DNA Hard Drives

DNA is a hard drive, the memory in every cell of every living organism that has the instructions on how to make that cell. With the exponential growth of our media, the growth of data storage is also increasing. DNA is incredible compact due to its molecular structure and can be used to achieve data attractively through genome sequencing. A raw limit of 1 Exabyte/mm3 (109 GB/mm3) having half-life of over 500 years. With this, all the data of the world can be stored in just a small place of a room

Improved Software Requirement process for Software Industries

In the software system development, requirement engineering plays a great role because system successfulness depends on it. If the requirements are clear and unambiguous in every aspect then the system will be developed error free. A number of clients that are not educated and illiterate, then in this scenario, the given requirements are not clear and full of ambiguous. In this paper, we proposed a method to resolve this problem in the shape of break the requirements, filter it (separate the necessary and un-necessary requirements), break into little bits, numbering them and prioritize them, after it is documented, the requirement that is very helpful for current and future changing in software system and finally shift to the development team for develop the project. We will apply this proposed method on case study as experimental to find out the definite and relevant results