Community-Oriented Policing: Political, Institutional and Technical Reforms in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) Police

Community-police relations in Pakistan are often intricate, as are their reforms. Mistrust, political intervention, meager financial resources, lack of educated/trained human resources, over-expectations and miscommunication are some of the factors contributing to weak policing and poor community-police relations. The police as a service-oriented public institution has been a demand of the public and the dream of consecutive governments. In this study, we explore the political, institutional and technical reforms taken by the government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) and the police department to improve their police and policing. The Police Act 2017 and Community-Oriented Policing, Dispute Resolution Councils (DRCs), and Information and Communications Technology (ICT) initiatives are critically analyzed in terms of their intentions and contribution to improved police-community relations. Politicians, police, civil society organizations and community members from KP were interviewed for their perceptions of police reforms and community-police relations. The study finds strong political will to empower and depoliticize police, and to shift its focus from purely crime fighting into community service provision, including pro-active engagement of police with the community. The study also finds that most of the new initiatives of the government of KP are in the spirit of community--oriented policing, and community members see visible improvement in policing and community-police relations

Grammatical and Syntactical Functions of Auxiliaries in English and Urdu

The current study investigates grammatical and syntactical functions of auxiliaries in Urdu and English to draw certain distinctions regarding the behavior, syntactic representation and semantic content auxiliaries add to the main verbs (Vs) through the X-bar theory as a theoretical framework within the minimalist program (MP). The data of the current research were collected from authentic sources (Urdu and English text books and grammars) to consider a diverse range of possible usage of Urdu and English auxiliaries. 200 sentences extracted from textbooks and grammars were analyzed grammatically in terms of morphology, and syntax (through tree-representation and their movement). The findings indicate sharp differences related to the syntactic position of auxiliaries in Urdu and English. In Urdu, auxiliaries always occupy their position after the main verbs in a sentence and their position is fixed and also have the ability to mark number (singular & plural) and gender (masculine & feminine). In contrast, English auxiliaries can only mark number. Another sharp difference is observed in the question formation process. In Urdu, unlike English, auxiliaries cannot be moved from its latent position towards the specifier position at the beginning of the sentence to construct question structures, because, if it happens, the sentence is considered ungrammatical which may result in the violation of MP. The findings of the study would prove helpful for understanding the semantic, grammatical and syntactical nature and behavior of auxiliaries comparatively in Urdu and English

Role of ICT in Community-Oriented Policing in South Asia: Challenges and Opportunities

Community-oriented policing (COP) as a model has found widespread acceptance throughout the world both in developed and developing countries. Similarly, Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) have been embraced by many developed countries to augment COP initiatives. However, very little is known about the application of ICTs in COP in developing countries, particularly South Asia. In this article, we review the current ICT-based COP initiatives by focusing on some of the selected projects from developed countries and South Asia. The paper has used COP in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) province of Pakistan as a case. While meaningful insights can be derived through learning from the experiences of developed countries, we highlight some major issues and challenges that are likely to be faced while implementing ICT based COP in South Asia. Moreover, we provide an overview of some exciting opportunities that arise as a result of embracing ICTs to enhance COP efforts for building trusting community-police relations and hence improving human security in the region

Configuration of Polymorphic Single Crystal Er2Si2O7 and Its Comparison with C-type & D-type Single Crystals

Structure of polymorphic Er2Si2O7 single crystal grain is determined using X-Ray diffrectiometer (Bruker Kappa ApexII). Crystal structure is refined through the use of software Shelxl. Findings declared also three dimensional view of the compound under study. The crystal crystallizes in space group (C2/m) with monoclinic symmetry. Bond length between erbium and oxygen is 2.24(A0), bond length of oxygen and silicon is 1.62(A0). The bond angle between Er-O-Er is 1010, O -Er-O is 85.130 and Er -O

Level of Actual Physical Fitness and its Perception among Students of Physiotherapy in Lahore

OBJECTIVE: To assess estimated and measured the physical fitness level of physiotherapy students. METHODOLOGY: This Cross sectional study carried out at Azra Naheed Medical College and School of Allied Health Sciences, Children Hospital Lahore, with Simple convenient sampling technique. The data was collected from 115 students including 42 male and 73 female, from 3rd year to final year. Self-perceived fitness questionnaire was used for estimation of perceived fitness and actual physical fitness level was measured by common clinical tests. Harvard step was used for fitness index measurement. SPSS version 21.0 was used for analysis and Pearson correlation for the correlation of perceived and measured physical fitness level. RESULTS: It was evident that physiotherapy students have good perception about their BMI. Results of perceived and measured body composition were correlated significantly .004 because they have good perception of body composition. Measured strength was low from the perceived, although some males were in average level. The results of strength show significant correlation for upper extremity that was 269 but for lower extremity non-significant. But measured flexibility results were good for lower extremities as compared to the shoulder flexibility for upper extremities, but both variables were different from perceived fitness. Actual fitness index level was very low as compared to the self-estimated. CONCLUSION: Measured fitness was quite different from self-perceived. The students of physiotherapy were not physically fit as they perceived it. They need to improve their physical fitness level as their profession requires

Collaborative detection of black hole and gray hole attacks for secure data communication in VANETs

Vehicle ad hoc networks (VANETs) are vital towards the success and comfort of self-driving as well as semi-automobile vehicles. Such vehicles rely heavily on data management and the exchange of Cooperative Awareness Messages (CAMs) for external communication with the environment. VANETs are vulnerable to a variety of attacks, including Black Hole, Gray Hole, wormhole, and rush attacks. These attacks are aimed at disrupting traffic between cars and on the roadside. The discovery of Black Hole attack has become an increasingly critical problem due to widespread adoption of autonomous and connected vehicles (ACVs). Due to the critical nature of ACVs, delay or failure of even a single packet can have disastrous effects, leading to accidents. In this work, we present a neural network-based technique for detection and prevention of rushed Black and Gray Hole attacks in vehicular networks. The work also studies novel systematic reactions protecting the vehicle against dangerous behavior. Experimental results show a superior detection rate of the proposed system in comparison with state-of-the-art techniques

4-Methoxy­benzohydrazide

The title compound, C8H10N2O2, is stabilized by three inter­molecular hydrogen bonds of the N—H⋯O and N—H⋯N types. Two intra­molecular inter­actions of the N—H⋯O and C—H⋯O types are also observed

SCNN-Attack: A Side-Channel Attack to Identify YouTube Videos in a VPN and Non-VPN Network Traffic

Encryption Protocols e.g., HTTPS is utilized to secure the traffic between servers and clients for YouTube and other video streaming services, and to further secure the communication, VPNs are used. However, these protocols are not sufficient to hide the identity of the videos from someone who can sniff the network traffic. The present work explores the methodologies and features to identify the videos in a VPN and non-VPN network traffic. To identify such videos, a side-channel attack using a Sequential Convolution Neural Network is proposed. The results demonstrate that a sequence of bytes per second from even one-minute sniffing of network traffic is sufficient to predict the video with high accuracy. The accuracy is increased to 90% accuracy in the non-VPN, 66% accuracy in the VPN, and 77% in the mixed VPN and non-VPN traffic, for models with two-minute sniffing