Pargi kasutamine Teheranis, Iraanis, Covid-19 pandeemia ajal

Master’s Thesis Curriculum in Landscape ArchitectureIn today's world, the definition of life has a different meaning for people. Time and place have found a new purpose, and in urban life, people have forgotten many elements, including public green spaces, parks, etc. But the argument here is how a person can stay healthy in those conditions. Especially in big cities one can see how much people try to have a quality life. Suddenly, a catastrophe occurs that affects the whole process of human life and activities. Covid-19 has increased people’s attention to low-value spaces (especially in large cities). In contrast, humans now use these spaces (such as green spaces and parks) as a point of need for continued mental and physical health and stress relief. This thesis is about studying parks in Tehran and their use in Covid-19 conditions and their function. For this purpose, I looked at 14 different parks (urban, local, and neighbourhood or pocket parks). The selection was the result of online interviews conducted with 60 residents of Tehran. For this research these parks have been visited virtually. Their maps and locations have been examined based on interviews in the following cases: vegetation, accessibility, safety, quality of the public area, activities, potentials, and user's perception during Covid-19. As a result, their values are compared. The worst and best cases (parks) are selected—all places evaluated in detail, such as history and their role in society in the Covid-19 situation. In the end, I will give the best recommendation for parks and public green spaces, the purpose of which is the health and well-being of the city's residents in the particular situation.Tänapäeva maailmas on elu määratlusel inimeste jaoks teine tähendus. Aeg ja koht on leidnud uue eesmärgi ning linnaelus unustusse jäänud paljud kohad, sealhulgas avalikud haljasalad, pargid jne. Siin on aga küsimus- kuidas inimene saab sellistes tingimustes tervena püsida? Eriti suurtes linnades on näha, kui palju püüavad inimesed kvaliteetset elu elada. Järsku siseneb võrrandisse katastroof, mis mõjutab kogu inimese elu ja tegevust. Covid-19 on suunanud inimeste tähelepanu väheväärtuslikele ruumidele (eriti suurtes linnades). Inimesed on leidnud tihedamat kasutust nendele (näiteks haljasaladele ja parkidele) pideva vaimse ja füüsilise tervise ning stressi leevendamiseks. See lõputöö vaatleb Teherani parke ja nende kasutamisest Covid-19 tingimustes ning nende funktsioone. Sel eesmärgil vaatasin 14 erinevat parki (linna-, kohalikke ja naabruses asuvaid või taskuparke). Nende valim on 60 Teherani elanikuga läbi viidud veebiintervjuude tulemus. Uurimistöö käigus on neid parke külastatud virtuaalselt. Nende kaarte ja asukohti on intervjuude põhjal analüüsitud järgmistel teemadel: taimestik, juurdepääsetavus, ohutus, avaliku ala kvaliteet, tegevused, potentsiaalid ja kasutaja taju Covid-19 ajal. Selle tulemusel võrreldakse nende väärtusi. Valitakse halvimad ja parimad juhtumid (pargid) - kõiki kohti hinnatakse üksikasjalikult, näiteks ajalugu ja nende rolli ühiskonnas olukorras Covid-19. Lõpuks annan parima soovituse parkidele ja avalikele haljasaladele, mille eesmärk on linnaelanike tervis ja heaolu konkreetses olukorras

The antifungal protein PAF interferes with PKC/MPK and cAMP/PKA signalling of Aspergillus nidulans

The Penicillium chrysogenum antifungal protein PAF inhibits polar growth and induces apoptosis in Aspergillus nidulans. We report here that two signalling cascades are implicated in its antifungal activity. PAF activates the cAMP/protein kinase A (Pka) signalling cascade. A pkaA deletion mutant exhibited reduced sensitivity towards PAF. This was substantiated by the use of pharmacological modulators: PAF aggravated the effect of the activator 8-Br-cAMP and partially relieved the repressive activity of caffeine. Furthermore, the Pkc/mitogen-activated protein kinase (Mpk) signalling cascade mediated basal resistance to PAF, which was independent of the small GTPase RhoA. Non-functional mutations of both genes resulted in hypersensitivity towards PAF. PAF did not increase MpkA phosphorylation or induce enzymes involved in the remodelling of the cell wall, which normally occurs in response to activators of the cell wall integrity pathway. Notably, PAF exposure resulted in actin gene repression and a deregulation of the chitin deposition at hyphal tips of A. nidulans, which offers an explanation for the morphological effects evoked by PAF and which could be attributed to the interconnection of the two signalling pathways. Thus, PAF represents an excellent tool to study signalling pathways in this model organism and to define potential fungal targets to develop new antifungals

The Functions of Myosin II and Myosin V Homologs in Tip Growth and Septation in Aspergillus nidulans

Because of the industrial and medical importance of members of the fungal genus Aspergillus, there is considerable interest in the functions of cytoskeletal components in growth and secretion in these organisms. We have analyzed the genome of Aspergillus nidulans and found that there are two previously unstudied myosin genes, a myosin II homolog, myoB (product = MyoB) and a myosin V homolog, myoE (product = MyoE). Deletions of either cause significant growth defects. MyoB localizes in strings that coalesce into contractile rings at forming septa. It is critical for septation and normal deposition of chitin but not for hyphal extension. MyoE localizes to the Spitzenkörper and to moving puncta in the cytoplasm. Time-lapse imaging of SynA, a v-SNARE, reveals that in myoE deletion strains vesicles no longer localize to the Spitzenkörper. Tip morphology is slightly abnormal and branching occurs more frequently than in controls. Tip extension is slower than in controls, but because hyphal diameter is greater, growth (increase in volume/time) is only slightly reduced. Concentration of vesicles into the Spitzenkörper before incorporation into the plasma membrane is, thus, not required for hyphal growth but facilitates faster tip extension and a more normal hyphal shape

The p25 subunit of the dynactin complex is required for dynein–early endosome interaction

The p25 subunit of the dynactin complex is required for the interaction between cytoplasmic dynein and early endosomes but is not required for dynein-mediated nuclear distribution

Endocytosis and early endosome motility in filamentous fungi.

types: REVIEWOpen Access funded by Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research CouncilHyphal growth of filamentous fungi requires microtubule-based long-distance motility of early endosomes. Since the discovery of this process in Ustilago maydis, our understanding of its molecular basis and biological function has greatly advanced. Studies in U. maydis and Aspergillus nidulans reveal a complex interplay of the motor proteins kinesin-3 and dynein, which co-operate to support bi-directional motion of early endosomes. Genetic screening has shed light on the molecular mechanisms underpinning motor regulation, revealing Hook protein as general motor adapters on early endosomes. Recently, fascinating insight into unexpected roles for endosome motility has emerged. This includes septin filament formation and cellular distribution of the machinery for protein translation.BBSR