2,853 research outputs found
Conformal Field Theories, Representations and Lattice Constructions
An account is given of the structure and representations of chiral bosonic
meromorphic conformal field theories (CFT's), and, in particular, the
conditions under which such a CFT may be extended by a representation to form a
new theory. This general approach is illustrated by considering the untwisted
and -twisted theories, and respectively,
which may be constructed from a suitable even Euclidean lattice .
Similarly, one may construct lattices and by
analogous constructions from a doubly-even binary code . In the case when
is self-dual, the corresponding lattices are also. Similarly,
and are self-dual if and only if is. We show that
has a natural ``triality'' structure, which induces an
isomorphism and also a triality
structure on . For the Golay code,
is the Leech lattice, and the triality on is the symmetry which extends the natural action of (an
extension of) Conway's group on this theory to the Monster, so setting triality
and Frenkel, Lepowsky and Meurman's construction of the natural Monster module
in a more general context. The results also serve to shed some light on the
classification of self-dual CFT's. We find that of the 48 theories
and with central charge 24 that there are 39 distinct ones,
and further that all 9 coincidences are accounted for by the isomorphism
detailed above, induced by the existence of a doubly-even self-dual binary
code.Comment: 65 page
Molecular scale contact line hydrodynamics of immiscible flows
From extensive molecular dynamics simulations on immiscible two-phase flows,
we find the relative slipping between the fluids and the solid wall everywhere
to follow the generalized Navier boundary condition, in which the amount of
slipping is proportional to the sum of tangential viscous stress and the
uncompensated Young stress. The latter arises from the deviation of the
fluid-fluid interface from its static configuration. We give a continuum
formulation of the immiscible flow hydrodynamics, comprising the generalized
Navier boundary condition, the Navier-Stokes equation, and the Cahn-Hilliard
interfacial free energy. Our hydrodynamic model yields interfacial and velocity
profiles matching those from the molecular dynamics simulations at the
molecular-scale vicinity of the contact line. In particular, the behavior at
high capillary numbers, leading to the breakup of the fluid-fluid interface, is
accurately predicted.Comment: 33 pages for text in preprint format, 10 pages for 10 figures with
captions, content changed in this resubmissio
On the Relationship between the Uniqueness of the Moonshine Module and Monstrous Moonshine
We consider the relationship between the conjectured uniqueness of the
Moonshine Module, , and Monstrous Moonshine, the genus zero
property of the modular invariance group for each Monster group Thompson
series. We first discuss a family of possible meromorphic orbifold
constructions of based on automorphisms of the Leech
lattice compactified bosonic string. We reproduce the Thompson series for all
51 non-Fricke classes of the Monster group together with a new relationship
between the centralisers of these classes and 51 corresponding Conway group
centralisers (generalising a well-known relationship for 5 such classes).
Assuming that is unique, we then consider meromorphic
orbifoldings of and show that Monstrous Moonshine holds if
and only if the only meromorphic orbifoldings of give
itself or the Leech theory. This constraint on the
meromorphic orbifoldings of therefore relates Monstrous
Moonshine to the uniqueness of in a new way.Comment: 53 pages, PlainTex, DIAS-STP-93-0
Changing of flight phenology and ecotype expansion of the European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn.) in Hungary Part
The studies aimed to acquire the widest possible information on the annual flight in Hungary of the European corn borer (ECB), Ostrinia nubilalis HĂŒbner (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). The investigations used biomathematical (Part 1) and graphical (Part 2) evaluation to document changes in the individual population number.The study was conducted in Hungary using ECB moth capture records from the Plant Protection Information System black light trap system (1991â2004). We have drawn conclusions on the appearance of annual flights and the tendency of alterations in flight direction by means of light trap results in four different areas in Hungary. We calculated the flight peak quotients, the individual population numbers of the second flight peak, the distinctions of individual numbers of two flight peaks in this part.As previously published, alterations in flight direction of ECB flights began at different times in Hungary. In the current study, a gradual disappearance of the univoltine ecotype and gradual appearance of the bivoltine ecotype ECB in Hungary is confirmed by the data obtained between 1991â2004. Flight peak quotients and data concerning the second flight peak have confirmed change this process, too: the appearance of a second flight peak in Northwestern Hungary from 1995â1996 (FP = 1.27), the more significant appearance of flights in August in Western Hungary (FP = 1.05) and Northeastern Hungary (FP = 1.45), and a three and four times more individual number of the second flight peak in Southeastern Hungary (FP = 3.44). Flight peak quotients, individual population numbers of the second flight peak, the tendency towards a difference in population number of the two peaks, and size of increase of these values demonstrates the southeastern-northwestern presence of the bivoltine ecotype in Hungary
Scrub Typhus in the Torres Strait Islands of North Queensland, Australia
Scrub typhus, caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi, occurs throughout Southeast Asia. We descript ten cases that occurred in the Torres Strait islands of northern Australia during 2000 and 2001. Preceding heavy rain may have contributed to the outbreak. The successful use of azithromycin in two pediatric patients is also reported
Four-point Green functions in the Schwinger Model
The evaluation of the 4-point Green functions in the 1+1 Schwinger model is
presented both in momentum and coordinate space representations. The crucial
role in our calculations play two Ward identities: i) the standard one, and ii)
the chiral one. We demonstrate how the infinite set of Dyson-Schwinger
equations is simplified, and is so reduced, that a given n-point Green function
is expressed only through itself and lower ones. For the 4-point Green
function, with two bosonic and two fermionic external `legs', a compact
solution is given both in momentum and coordinate space representations. For
the 4-fermion Green function a selfconsistent equation is written down in the
momentum representation and a concrete solution is given in the coordinate
space. This exact solution is further analyzed and we show that it contains a
pole corresponding to the Schwinger boson. All detailed considerations given
for various 4-point Green functions are easily generizable to higher functions.Comment: In Revtex, 12 pages + 2 PostScript figure
Fatal Void Size Comparisons in Via-Below and Via-Above Cu Dual-Damascene Interconnects
The median-times-to-failure (t₅₀âs) for straight dual-damascene via-terminated copper interconnect structures, tested under the same conditions, depend on whether the vias connect down to underlaying leads (metal 2, M2, or via-below structures) or connect up to overlaying leads (metal 1, M1, or via-above structures). Experimental results for a variety of line lengths, widths, and numbers of vias show higher t₅₀âs for M2 structures than for analogous M1 structures. It has been shown that despite this asymmetry in lifetimes, the electromigration drift velocity is the same for these two types of structures, suggesting that fatal void volumes are different in these two cases. A numerical simulation tool based on the Korhonen model has been developed and used to simulate the conditions for void growth and correlate fatal void sizes with lifetimes. These simulations suggest that the average fatal void size for M2 structures is more than twice the size of that of M1 structures. This result supports an earlier suggestion that preferential nucleation at the Cu/Si₃N₄ interface in both M1 and M2 structures leads to different fatal void sizes, because larger voids are required to span the line thickness in M2 structures while smaller voids at the base of vias can cause failures in M1 structures. However, it is also found that the fatal void sizes corresponding to the shortest-times-to-failure (STTFâs) are similar for M1 and M2, suggesting that the voids that lead to the shortest lifetimes occur at or in the vias in both cases, where a void need only span the via to cause failure. Correlation of lifetimes and critical void volumes provides a useful tool for distinguishing failure mechanisms.Singapore-MIT Alliance (SMA
Optical signatures of spin-orbit exciton in bandwidth-controlled Sr2IrO4 epitaxial films via high-concentration Ca and Ba doping
We have investigated the electronic and optical properties of (Sr1-xCax)2IrO4 (x=0-0.375) and (Sr1-yBay)2IrO4 (y=0-0.375) epitaxial thin films, in which the bandwidth is systematically tuned via chemical substitutions of Sr ions by Ca and Ba. Transport measurements indicate that the thin-film series exhibits insulating behavior, similar to the Jeff=1/2 spin-orbit Mott insulator Sr2IrO4. As the average A-site ionic radius increases from (Sr1-xCax)2IrO4 to (Sr1-yBay)2IrO4, optical conductivity spectra in the near-infrared region shift to lower energies, which cannot be explained by the simple picture of well-separated Jeff=1/2 and Jeff=3/2 bands. We suggest that the two-peak-like optical conductivity spectra of the layered iridates originates from the overlap between the optically forbidden spin-orbit exciton and the intersite optical transitions within the Jeff=1/2 band. Our experimental results are consistent with this interpretation as implemented by a multiorbital Hubbard model calculation: namely, incorporating a strong Fano-like coupling between the spin-orbit exciton and intersite d-d transitions within the Jeff=1/2 band. ? 2017 American Physical Society.113Ysciescopu
Impacts and effects of ocean warming on intertidal rocky habitats.
âą Intertidal rocky habitats comprise over 50% of the shorelines of the world, supporting a diversity of marine life and providing extensive ecosystem services worth in the region of US$ 5-10 trillion per year. âą They are valuable indicators of the impacts of climate change on the wider marine environment and ecosystems. âą Changes in species distributions, abundance and phenology have already been observed around the world in response to recent rapid climate change. âą Species-level responses will have considerable ramifications for the structure of communities and trophic interactions, leading to eventual changes in ecosystem functioning (e.g. less primary producing canopy-forming algae in the North-east Atlantic). âą Whilst progress is made on the mitigation1 required to achieve goals of a lower-carbon world, much can be done to enhance resilience to climate change. Managing the multitude of other interactive impacts on the marine environment, over which society has greater potential control (e.g. overfishing, invasive non-native species, coastal development, and pollution), will enable adaptation1 in the short and medium term of the next 5-50 years
Properties of the Bose glass phase in irradiated superconductors near the matching field
Structural and transport properties of interacting localized flux lines in
the Bose glass phase of irradiated superconductors are studied by means of
Monte Carlo simulations near the matching field B_Phi, where the densities of
vortices and columnar defects are equal. For a completely random columnar pin
distribution in the xy-plane transverse to the magnetic field, our results show
that the repulsive vortex interactions destroy the Mott insulator phase which
was predicted to occur at B = B_Phi. On the other hand, for ratios of the
penetration depth to average defect distance lambda/d <= 1, characteristic
remnants of the Mott insulator singularities remain visible in experimentally
accessible quantities as the magnetization, the bulk modulus, and the
magnetization relaxation, when B is varied near B_Phi. For spatially more
regular disorder, e.g., a nearly triangular defect distribution, we find that
the Mott insulator phase can survive up to considerably large interaction range
\lambda/d, and may thus be observable in experiments.Comment: RevTex, 17 pages, eps files for 12 figures include
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