ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ИЗМЕНЕНИЯ КОНСИСТЕНЦИИ ПРОДУКТА ПРИ ЕГО ОБРАБОТКЕ УЛЬТРАЗВУКОМ

This article presents the results of studying the effect of ultrasound on the consistency of products. The task of the study was to identify the possibility of using ultrasound to change the consistency of the product from puree to homogenized. For this purpose, laboratory samples of apple puree were periodically processed on an ultrasonic generator at a frequency of 21.7 kHz, for different duration of exposure to ultrasound from 1 minute to 20 minutes. After processing, measurements of physicochemical parameters were carried out the mass fraction of soluble solids, temperature and viscosity. When analyzing the obtained results, it was found that, depending on the exposure time, the indicators of the mass fraction of dry substances in samples No.1, No.2, No.3 slightly increased relative to the control sample from a value of 11.9 to 12.4 V of sample No.4, in which the duration of exposure to ultrasound was 20 minutes, the indicator of the mass fraction of dry substances increased more significantly up to 13.8%. The same dynamics is observed in the obtained values of the viscosity of the product, which gradually increases in proportion to the exposure time from sample No.1 to sample No.4 (4600-6500 Centipoise (CP)). In addition, a comparative assessment of the organoleptic characteristics of experimental samples (taste, color, aroma and texture) was carried out after their ultrasonic treatment, depending on the duration of exposure. It was found that all the organoleptic characteristics of apple puree with an increase in the duration of ultrasonic treatment with a given parameter at a frequency of 21.7 kHz, changed depending on the time of exposure. Thus, the consistency changed from a “granular” structure (in the control sample) to a homogeneous homogenized (in sample No.3). In sample No.4 (with an exposure time of 20 minutes), mashed potatoes were obtained with a fine, finely divided creamy mass. Consequently, the effect of ultrasound with a given frequency of 21.7 kHz for at least 10 minutes allows a pureed product with a puree-like structure to obtain a homogenized puree.В статье приведены результаты изучения влияния ультразвука на консистенцию продукции. Задача исследования состояла в выявлении возможности применения ультразвука для изменения консистенции продукта из пюреобразной в гомогенизированную. С этой целью изготовленные лабораторные образцы яблочного пюре были подвергнуты периодической обработке на ультразвуковом генераторе на частоте 21,7 кГц, при различной продолжительности воздействия ультразвуком – в течение 1-20 мин. После обработки были проведены измерения физико-химических показателей: массовой доли растворимого сухого вещества, температуры и вязкости. При анализе полученных результатов была установлено, что в зависимости от времени воздействия показатели массовой доли сухого вещества в образцах №1, №2, №3 незначительно повышались относительно контрольного образца – от значения 11,9 до 12,4%. В образце №4, в котором продолжительность воздействия ультразвуком составляла 20 мин, показатель массовой доли сухого вещества увеличился более значительно – до 13,8%. Такая же динамика прослеживается и в полученных значениях вязкости продукта, которая постепенно повышается, пропорционально времени воздействия: от образца №1 до образца №4 (от 4600 сП до 6500 сП). Кроме того, была проведена сравнительная оценка органолептических показателей экспериментальных образцов (вкус, цвет, аромат и консистенция) после их ультразвуковой обработки в зависимости от продолжительности воздействия. Было установлено, что все органолептические характеристики яблочного пюре при увеличении продолжительности обработки продукта ультразвуком с заданным параметром на частоте 21,7 кГц изменялись в зависимости от времени воздействия. Так, консистенция изменялась от «зернистой» структуры (в контрольном образце) до однородной гомогенизированной (в образце №3). В образце №4 (при продолжительности воздействии 20 мин) было получено пюре с тонкоизмельченной кремообразной массой. Следовательно, воздействие ультразвука с заданным значением частоты 21,7 кГц в течение не менее 10 мин позволяет из протёртого продукта с пюреобразной структурой получить гомогенизированное пюре

LPS promotes a monocyte phenotype permissive for human cytomegalovirus immediate-early gene expression upon infection but not reactivation from latency

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection of myeloid cells is closely linked with the differentiation status of the cell. Haematopoietic progenitors and CD14+ monocytes are usually non-permissive for lytic gene expression which can lead to the establishment of latent infections. In contrast, differentiation to macrophage or dendritic cell (DC) phenotypes promotes viral reactivation or renders them permissive for lytic infection. The observation that high doses of Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) drove rapid monocyte differentiation in mice led us to investigate the response of human monocytes to HCMV following LPS stimulation $\textit{in vitro}$. Here we report that LPS triggers a monocyte phenotype permissiveness for lytic infection directly correlating with LPS concentration. In contrast, addition of LPS directly to latently infected monocytes was not sufficient to trigger viral reactivation which is likely linked with the failure of the monocytes to differentiate to a DC phenotype. Interestingly, we observe that this effect on lytic infection of monocytes is transient, appears to be dependent on COX-2 activation and does not result in a full productive infection. Thus LPS stimulated monocytes are partially permissive lytic gene expression but did not have long term impact on monocyte identity regarding their differentiation and susceptibility for the full lytic cycle of HCMV.This work was supported by an MRC Fellowship to M.B.R. (G:0900466) and MRC programme grants (G:0701279 and MR/K021087/1) to M.R.W

Does Fiscal Decentralisation Foster Regional Investment in Productive Infrastructure?

The aim of this paper is to analyze the effect of revenue decentralization on the provision of infrastructure at the sub-national level. We estimate the effects of revenue decentralization and earmarked grant financing on the level of sub-national infrastructure investment in 20 European countries over the period 1990-2009. The results are interpreted in light of the predictions of the theory on fiscal federalism. We find that it is sub-national infrastructure investment that increases after revenue decentralization and not investment in redistribution. However, the effect of revenue decentralization is lower the higher the use of earmarked grants to fund infrastructure investment

NON-INVASIVE ASSESSMENT OF CORONARY BLOOD FLOW IN PATIENTS WITH 2ND TYPE DIABETES DURING EXERCISE TEST

There is absence of data in international publications, on the measurement of coronary flow in 2nd type diabetes patients (DM) during stress-echocardiography (SEchoCG) with physical exertion (PE).Aim. To study the changes of coronary flow in left anterior descending artery (LAD) during SEchoCG with PE in DM patients with and without signs of coronary heart disease (CHD).Material and methods. Totally, 125 patients included, with good visualization of coronary arteries in transthoracic approach. Main group consisted of 68 DM patients, controls were 57 persons comparable by age and gender, without diabetes and CHD signs. All patients underwent SEchoCG on horizontal veloergometer, with Doppler test of blood flow in LAD. Positive stress test patients underwent then coronary angiography.Results. Between the subgroups with DM and CHD and non-CHD, there was highly significant difference in absolute values of velocities on the peak of PE, of velocity increase during PE, and in coronary reserve (CR) in LAD. DM patients without CHD did not significantly differ by the parameters mentioned, from the controls. Threshold value that determine relation of patients to CHD or non-CHD group, was 1,7 for CR. Test precision for subgroup relevance for this level was 86,2%.Conclusion. DM non-CHD patients during PE do not differ from non-DM by the values of coronary flow. CR parameter can be used for CHD diagnostics during SEchoCG with PE in this category of patients

Employees’ Job Satisfaction and their Work Performance as Elements Influencing Work Safety

Job satisfaction has a big impact on how an employee performs his job. Both elements have an impact on job safety and employee perception of it. A satisfied employee devotes himself to work, performs orders better, cares for others and for himself. He feels safe in the enterprise. The aim of the paper was to assess employees' job satisfaction and their work performance with use of simply survey. In order to achieve this aim, a survey was conducted among employees of a chosen metallurgical enterprise who were asked to assess level of their job satisfaction. The employees defined their job satisfaction by referring to 20 statements describing this satisfaction and evaluating three factors that were used to compute the satisfaction index. The survey allowed for indication the general level of employee satisfaction

MODELS OF MAJOR ADVERSE CARDIAC EVENT RISK USING RESULTS OF EXERCISE STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY WITH NONINVASIVE CORONARY ARTERY FLOW ASSESSMENT IN PATIENTS WITH ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE

Ultrasound non-invasive coronary artery imaging contributes to the diagnosis of ischemic heart disease (IHD) in clinical practice. However, data of the prognostic value obtained from a complex analysis of contractility disorders and coronary blood flow parameters during exercise tests in the world literature are still not available. Aim. To develop risk models for adverse outcomes in patients with probable or definite IHD based on the results of a stress test with a noninvasive coronary blood flow study. Material and methods. Medical data of 689 patients with probable or definite IHD who underwent stress echocardiography with satisfactory visualization of the anterior interventricular artery (AIVA) were included in the analysis. All patients had stress echocardiography on a horizontal bicycle ergometer. Registration of coronary blood flow in the middle third of the AIVA was performed at rest and at the peak of the load with calculation of the coronary reserve value. Further patient follow-up lasted 3 years. Models of further negative outcomes were developed on the basis of the stress echocardiography results and of coronary blood flow parameters. Results. Three models that take into account the factors associated with further mortality, mortality/myocardial infarction and sum of negative outcomes were developed in the study. These models divide a cohort of patients with probable or definite IHD into groups of low, medium and very high risks. Factors associated with the risk of death include: age >56 years, load power <100 W, breach of contractility in the blood supply zone of the circumflex artery initially and during exercise, the difference in blood flow velocities in the AIVA<10 cm/s, coronary reserve of AIVA<2. The risk model of death, taking into account these factors, suggests dividing patients into low-risk group if there are ≤2 factors (mortality 0.6% for 3 years), medium risk – from 2 to 4 factors (mortality 1.8%), high risk – ≥5 factors (mortality 10.3% for 3 years). Conclusion. The study of coronary blood flow during stress echocardiography in addition to the analysis of left ventricular contractility in patients with probable or definite IHD contributes to determine the prognosis of further negative outcomes