Засоби протидії торгівлі людьми: міжнародно-правовий досвід

Шинкарук Т. Р. Засоби протидії торгівлі людьми: міжнародно-правовий досвід / Т. Р. Шинкарук // Міжнародні читання з міжнародного права пам’яті професора П.Є. Казанського : матер. третьої міжнар. наук. конф. (м. Одеса, 2–3 листопада 2012 р.) / відп. за випуск М. І. Пашковський ; НУ «ОЮА». – Одеса : Фенікс, 2012. – С. 425-428.На думку автора статті питання торгівлі людьми, є актуальною сьогодні тому, що в сучасну епоху глобалізації все більшої гостроти набуває питання транскордонної міграції. Перш за все тому, що це явище дало початок ще одному різновиду міжнародної злочинності, окрім наркоторгівлі та торгівлі зброєю, – торгівлі людьми.Найбільшу тривогу викликає ріст об’ємів незаконного вивозу жінок і дітей з рідних країн за кордон для використання в цілях сексуальної експлуатації та примусової праці

When fast logic meets slow belief: Evidence for a parallel-processing model of belief bias.

Two experiments pitted the default-interventionist account of belief bias against a parallel-processing model. According to the former, belief bias occurs because a fast, belief-based evaluation of the conclusion pre-empts a working-memory demanding logical analysis. In contrast, according to the latter both belief-based and logic-based responding occur in parallel. Participants were given deductive reasoning problems of variable complexity and instructed to decide whether the conclusion was valid on half the trials or to decide whether the conclusion was believable on the other half. When belief and logic conflict, the default-interventionist view predicts that it should take less time to respond on the basis of belief than logic, and that the believability of a conclusion should interfere with judgments of validity, but not the reverse. The parallel-processing view predicts that beliefs should interfere with logic judgments only if the processing required to evaluate the logical structure exceeds that required to evaluate the knowledge necessary to make a belief-based judgment, and vice versa otherwise. Consistent with this latter view, for the simplest reasoning problems (modus ponens), judgments of belief resulted in lower accuracy than judgments of validity, and believability interfered more with judgments of validity than the converse. For problems of moderate complexity (modus tollens and single-model syllogisms), the interference was symmetrical, in that validity interfered with belief judgments to the same degree that believability interfered with validity judgments. For the most complex (three-term multiple-model syllogisms), conclusion believability interfered more with judgments of validity than vice versa, in spite of the significant interference from conclusion validity on judgments of belief

Research Note: Validation of a low-cost accelerometer to measure physical activity in 30 to 32-d-old male Ross 708 broilers

ABSTRACT: Poultry activity measurements are often associated with expensive equipment or time-consuming behavior observations. Since low-cost accelerometers are available, the current study validated the FitBark (FitBark 2, FitBark Inc., Kansas City, MO) accelerometer for use on 30 to 32-d-old male Ross 708 broilers. The FitBark provides aggregated activity levels based on tri-axial accelerometer technology. Broilers were housed in 5 rooms, each divided into 12 2 × 2.3 m pens (60 birds per pen, 31 kg m−2 final density). From 30 to 32 d, 1 broiler per room (n = 5) was randomly selected and equipped with a 13 g FitBark. Elastic loops were placed around the wings to secure the FitBark medially on the back. During the same time, validity was assessed via ceiling-mounted video cameras. The video recordings were analyzed using 20-min continuous sampling during the photo phase at 8 time periods per bird. Behavior was assessed every second using an ethogram (9,600 data points per bird). In the first step, the FitBark data were matched and correlated with the corresponding video-based observed activity (OA) data. The FitBark and OA data were not normally distributed (1-sample KS test, all n = 800, ZFitBark = 0.21, ZOA = 0.24, all P < 0.001). Therefore, data were transformed, and a repeated measures correlation was performed for each bird, showing a positive correlation between the FitBark and OA data (rrm = 0.76, 95% CI = 0.72−0.78, df = 794, P < 0.001). In the second step, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and accuracy were calculated. The FitBark correctly identified 91% (sensitivity) of the active and 74% (specificity) of the inactive birds. When the FitBark detected an active or inactive bird, there was a probability of 89% (PPV) and 78% (NPV) that the bird was observed to be active or inactive based on the OA data. Accuracy was at 86%. Overall, FitBark are useful for 1-min interval activity measurements in 30 to 32-d-old male Ross 708 broilers. Further research should focus on validating the FitBark at other ages and in different poultry species

Chapter 6: Poultry

Before being slaughtered birds are subjected to a number events that are stressful and can lead to physical injuries, thermal stress, weight loss and in extremes to death. Catching and crating of birds is the major factor for introducing injuries like leg and wing bruising, broken or dislocated wings. Catching method, catching crew and the type and condition of the crates will all contribute to the risk on injuries. Feed withdrawal prior to transport is applied with the objectives of reducing wetness of birds during transport and allow the gastro-intestinal tract to empty prior to processing. However, the process can create a negative energy balance within the birds during the transport phase, leading to prolonged hunger and reduced ability to thermoregulate. Transport conditions, such as loading density, ventilation, vehicle design and protection from external weather conditions contribute to heat or cold stress. Thermal stress, both hot and cold, has been identified as a risk factor for increased mortality levels.After arrival, poultry in the containers are placed in a lairage area. In lairage birds should be protected from adverse climatic conditions. Before stunning, birds are taken out of the containers either by hand or automatically depending on the type of container and stunning system. Electrical stunning involves shackling of birds in inverted position before stunning. Factors, such as electrical frequency and current, influence the success of the stun and carcass quality. High frequencies with low currents lead to ineffective stunning whereas low frequencies with higher currents lead to haemorrhages.Gas stunning methods are an alternative to electrical stunning. Different type of birds, like chickens, turkeys, ducks, geese, are effectively stunned by exposure to different gas mixtures. However, induction of unconsciousness is not immediate and will induce respiratory distress before loss of consciousness

Do flickering LED lights reduce productivity of layer pullets and hens?

ABSTRACT: Most characteristics of artificial light sources are well studied, however light-flicker frequency (F) has been overlooked. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of F on performance of Lohmann LSL-Lite (LW) pullets and Lohmann Brown-Lite (LB) pullets. In addition, pullets were followed through to the laying phase to evaluate long-term effects of F during rearing on productivity. Two trials were conducted with 3 F (30, 90, or 250 Hz) treatments. LW and LB pullets (n = 2,688 per strain [S]) were randomly assigned to floor pens within 8 light-tight rooms (15 pen replicates per F × S for 30 and 250 Hz; 18 pen replicates per F × S for 90 Hz). At 16 wk, pullets were transferred to conventional layer cages, with no flicker treatment applied. Pullet data collected included BW, feed disappearance, flock uniformity, and overall mortality. Hen data collected included BW, feed intake (feed efficiency calculated), mortality, egg production, and egg quality. Data were analyzed using Proc Mixed (SAS 9.4) and differences were considered significant when P ≤ 0.05. Frequency did not affect pullet uniformity or feed disappearance (0–8 wk and 0–16 wk). Pullets reared under 30 Hz had higher mortality (caused by “other”) than those reared under 250 Hz. Lohmann Brown-Lite pullets reared under 30 Hz had the highest feed disappearance. Overall mortality was higher for LW pullets reared under 30 Hz compared to LB reared under 30 Hz or 250 Hz. Lohmann Brown-Lite hens reared under 30 Hz were heavier at the beginning of the hen phase (17 wk), however differences related to F were not seen at 40 or 48 wk. Hen day production (%) was higher for hens reared under 30 compared to 90 Hz (P = 0.03), however no other egg parameters were affected by F. Hen feed efficiency and mortality were unaffected by F. These results indicate minor effects of F, during either the pullet or hen phases. The data also suggest that S (LW vs. LB) may affect response to F

ГІДРОТЕХНІЧНІ ТА ІХТІОЕКОЛОГІЧНІ ЗАСАДИ ФУНКЦІОНУВАННЯ БІЛООЗЕРСЬКОЇ ВОДОЖИВИЛЬНОЇ СИСТЕМИ ДНІПРО-БУЗЬКОГО КАНАЛУ

Майже щорічно відбуваються міждержавні засідання білорусько-української робочої групи з експлуатації Білоозерської водоживильної системи Дніпро-Бузького каналу в рамках виконання Згоди між урядами Республіки Білорусь і Кабінетом Міністрів України з сумісного використання і охорони транскордонних вод [1]. У 50-х роках ХІХ століття на території Ратнівського району було побудовано Верхнє–Прип’ятський гідровузол Білоозерської водоживильної системи. До 2012 року комплекс споруд гідровузла на території України перебував на балансі та експлуатувався підприємством «Днепро-Бугский водный путь» Республіки Білорусь. У 2012 році, ці споруди передано на баланс Ратнівського району Кабінетом Міністрів України і Урядом Республіки Білорусь. Також підписано Угоду про спільне використання та охорону транскордонних вод від 16.10.2001 та Правила експлуатації Білоозерської водоживильної системи. Дані Правила оновлено у 2010 році

QUANTIFICATION DE LA CHARGE SEDIMENTAIRE PAR LA METHODE DU RNA DANS LE BASSIN DE TAFNA NORD-OUEST ALGERIEN

Майже всі дослідження, які були проведені на північно- африканських басейнах з оцінки донних наносів, до сьогодні залишаються незакінченими з різних причин, дана робота направлена на освітлення цих проблем, зокрема на басейні р. Тафна. Для ефективної оцінки, був використанний метод нейроної мережі (НМ), відомий своєю надійністю в декількох наукових областях. Зібрані дані по донним наносам в течіях отримані із гідрометричних станцій на двох річках, а саме Taфна і Мувіллех. Отримані результати є адекватними до поставлених проблем