Modern Organisations and Fayolism

Henri Fayol is widely considered to be the father of administrative management theory which focussed on the development of broad administrative principles that were applicable to general and higher managerial levels. Though his contribution to the field of management sciences is indispensable, it is argued that some of the fourteen principles propounded by him are rather outmoded due to the way the present-day organisations conduct their business

Ethnomedicinal knowledge among the Malayali tribal of Chitteri hills, Eastern Ghats, Tamil Nadu, India

The present study was aimed to document the ethnomedicinal knowledge among the Malayali tribal of Chitteri hills Eastern Ghats of Tamil Nadu, India. Field visits were made to the Chitteri hills every month covering all seasons. Interviews with traditional healers and other knowledgeable inhabitants and farmers were conducted. The Malayali tribal people of Chitteri hills use 320 plant species for their day-to-day life, this ethnobotanical exploration revealed they were the habit of using around 216 species of medicinal plants belonging to 200 genera under 45 families. Malayali tribes use morphological characters such as bark surface, leaf colour, leaf taste and exudates, underground plant parts and ecology of species as criteria for identification of 135 species belongs to 105 genera under 46 families. The documentation of the knowledge of Malayali tribal identification of plants of Chitteri hills is to be accorded top priority in the preservation of our ancient traditional knowledge

Social Versus Financial Performance of Microfinance: Bangladesh Perspective

Microfinance is a tool designed for poverty alleviation by providing financial services more specifically small credit to the poor household for income generating activities. One of the better ways to help poor people for poverty alleviation is through giving them financial services that cannot be done in traditional banking system. However, there is a big question whether it is possible to provide those services for a financial institution without being sustainable financially. How far it can go with free lunch that is depending on donors’ fund. These two patterns place microfinance at the intersection. One may wonder whether the microfinance compromises a trade-off between serving the poor as social objective and attaining financial sustainability as financial objective. If microfinance institute wishes to get financial sustainability through profit maximization rather ignoring intended social objective of alleviating poverty, than it loses its momentum and becomes like other traditional financial institute. Fulfilling social objective with financial sustainability will be the optimum outcome of microfinance. Microfinance has been pioneered primarily in Bangladesh and later replicated in rest of the world. By this time, over 33 million of clients are being served with various financial and non-financial services by over 700 registered microfinance institute in Bangladesh. This study intent to measure the social outreach versus financial sustainability of microfinance institute in Bangladesh through panel data analysis. To do this, we have analyzed the relationship between financial performance and depth of outreach of top 20 microfinance institutes of Bangladesh from 2015 to 2017. Our results show that the relationship is positive or neutral in some cases. Therefore, microfinance in Bangladesh has been attaining both social and financial objectives and there appears no mission drift

The Chronology of Microfinance Development in Malaysia: A Review

This study is to discover the development of microfinance in Malaysia through a review of relevant literature. Microfinance in Malaysia, especially the operations of Amanah Ikthiar Malaysia, are based on Grameen Bank Program innovated by Muhammad Yunus in Bangladesh. Malaysia is endeavoring to be a developed nation, and new age microfinance seems to play a crucial role in eradicating poverty. Poverty and development do not complement each other, and hence, it is essential to focus on poverty eradication through various means. Here, an attempt has been made to the methodological and systematical review of the past literature on the development of microfinance, from various sources. It is hoped that this paper would provide a better understanding of the chronological flow and evolution of microfinance in Malaysia

CURBING ACTINOMYCETES AND THIDIAZURON ENHANCED MICROPROPAGATION IN THE RARE ALPINIA GALANGA - A MEDICINAL ZINGIBER

Objective: Elimination of endophytic actinomycetes before micropropagation using antibiotic pre-treatment in rhizome bud explants of Alpinia galanga. Then, the formulation of an operative protocol for Micropropagation of the same void of endophytic actinomycetes. Methods: A treatment of mercury chloride and carbendazim, alone and in combination was used as surface sterilants. A pre-treatment of rifampicin and fusidic acid was used against actinomycete endophyte disinfection of rhizome bud explants. Then, Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with various concentrations of cytokinins were used for micropropagation of disinfected explants. Results: A treatment of 0.1% (w/v) mercury chloride and 0.1% (w/v) carbendazim, one after the other for 5 minutes gave the best sterility of 83.3%. A pre-treatment of Rifampicin 100 mg/l and fusidic acid 100 mg/l for 2 hrs gave the best disinfection of 70% against actinomycete endophytes. A combination of thidiazuron (TDZ) 0.45 μM and 6-benzyladenine 13.32 μM in MS medium resulted in 9.4 shoots per explant. MS medium fortified with 10.74 μMof 1-naphthaleneacetic acid gave the best rooting of 20 roots/shoot. inter simple sequence repeat marker genetic similarity of regenerants with the mother plant was confirmed. Conclusion: This study shows the potency of Rifampicin and Fusidic acid to disinfect explants from actinomycete endophytes and is significant as the first report on curbing actinomycetes endophytes in plant tissue culture of A. galanga. This is also the first report conferring the dissimilar regeneration capabilities of TDZ in comparison to other cytokinins in Zingiberaceae

ETHNOBOTANICAL NOTE ON THE VETERINARY HEALTH-CARE MANAGEMENT BY MALAYALI TRIBES OF KALRAYAN HILLS

ABSTRACTObjective: Livestock is considered as the wealth of the tribal people, and the tribes are having rich knowledge on ethno-veterinary (EV) health-caremanagement. Keeping this in view, the study was carried out to document ethno-veterinary medicinal (EVM) knowledge of Malayali tribes, the nativepeople of Kalrayan Hills, Salem, Tamil Nadu, to improve their socio-economic status.Methods: Ethnobotanical survey was carried out in Kalrayan hills for EVM practices through regular field visits to the various hamlets of the studyarea from December 2009 to December 2014. EVM information was collected through personal interviews, field observations, and discussions amongthe traditional healers having familiarity and knowledge on Ethnoveterinary Medicine [EVM].Results: Utilization of 137 plant species as EVM, belonging to 120 genera under 54 families, has been recorded against 40 livestock ailments with126 types of preparations. Plant parts, such as leaf, root, flower, bark, resin, and rhizome, are used in the preparation. Among the plant parts, bark ispredominately used. Most of the preparations include parts of more than one plant as the ingredients, and many of such combined preparations areused for treating more than one ailment.Conclusion: In the present study, we observed the prevalence of different types of livestock ailments in the study area, and the tribal community ishaving much knowledge on EV health-care management which is an integral part of their day-to-day life.Keywords: Ethnobotany, Ethno-veterinary medicine, Livestock, Malayali tribes, Eastern Ghats, Kalrayan hills, Salem

Urolithiasis Associated with Renal Insufficiency Factors Predicting Outcome: Prospective study

INTRODUCTION: Kidney stones are a common entity, affecting approximately 5% of women and 12% of men in general population. Prevalence of kidney stone disease is increasing and likewise the complications associated with stone disease .The most life threatening being sepsis and renal failure. Both could be treated with return of good renal function if managed early and meticulously. The pathophysiology of renal insufficiency in obstructive uropathy is well studied. Similar mechanism is seen in stone disease also. but specific feautures of calculous disease like duration of obstruction, type of stone, Infected system, location of stone plays an additional role along with obstruction. Renal calculous disease may be associated with various degrees of renal insufficiency secondary to a combination of obstruction, urinary infection, frequent surgical intervention, and coexisting medical disease. Many patients with calculous disease on conservative management by themself or by a nonspecialists land up in renal insufficiency due to lack of timely referral to urologist and intervention. This type of presentation was seen in many patients .there are many queries about the recoverability of renal function in them if renal parenchyma was thinned out. In 25 patients with stone disease and elevated renal parameters we have studied the various factors influencing the outcome -preoperative, intraoperative, postoperative. We have analysed all the entities and the results after intervention in these patients. AIM OF STUDY: 1. To analyze the preoperative factors causing renal insufficiency in stone disease. 2. To assess the interventions done to improve renal function. 3. To discuss the factors that decide the outcome. 4. To analyse the improvement in renal function after intervention. 5. Follow up in treated patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Study group: Patients who were admitted in the Kilpauk Medical College Hospital and Govt. Royapettah Hospital, Chennai , with clinical diagnosis of urolithiasis from January 2009 – March 2011. Study design: cross sectional study. Inclusion criteria: 1) Patients with stone disease, 2) Increased renal parameters. Exclusion criteria: 1) Known case of medical renal disease, 2) Patients with associated congenital anomalies of urinary tract causing obstruction. Total number of patients included in the study are 25. Among them 20 were male and 5 were female patients. RESULTS: Complete clearance defined as no visible fragment on KUB films and renal ultrasonography at 1 month follow-up was achieved in 22 patients (88%), while 3 patients (12%) had residual fragments. Over a mean follow-up of 1 to 2 years , 1 patients showed evidence of recurrent calculi, and 5 patients had recurrent urinary tract infection. Overall, 20 patients (80%) showed improvement, 5 patients (20 %) showed stabilization. The baseline serum creatinine concentration correlated well with the postoperative renal function which stabilized or improved in nearly all patients. DEMOGRAPHIC DATA: No. of patients 25, Mean age (years) -40 yrs, Sex (% male) 72%, Side (% right) 53%, Complete staghorn -3, Partial staghorn -2, Pelvic -5, Mean calculus size -3cm, Prior stone treatment -2, Associated hypertension -3, Associated diabetes -8, Associated urinary infection -8, Nephrostomy drainage required -4, Dialysis required preoperatively -1, Mean postoperative serum creatinine (mg/dL)-1mg%. Large stag horn calculus if nonobstructing had good preserved renal function. Of the various factors Preop serum creatinine ,cortical thickness, diabetes mellitus, proteinuria, and recurrent urinary infection were found to correlate with post operative renal deterioration. CONCLUSION: Most patients presenting with renal insufficiency due to calculous disease experience improvement or stabilization of renal function with early aggressive intervention aimed at complete stone clearance. Serum creatinine - was the most important predictor of renal recovery high baseline creatinine indicated severity of renal damage, post operative creatinine showed only moderate decrease in these patients. Cortical atrophy - if associated with bilateral obstruction recoverability is moderate.even in unilateral cortical thinning opposite kidney goes for hyperfiltration injury and focal nephrosclerosis. Renal preservative measures followed during this period helps in preventing hyperfiltration renal damage. Diabetes mellitus - patients with DM had more chances of progressing to renal insufficiency following calculous obstruction due to diabetic nephropathy with superimposed resistant urinary tract infections.even in this group early intervention by diabetic control,infection control and stone removal showed good results Large stone burden - implied more fibrotic reaction .stag horn calculus were having preserved parenchyma due to lack of obstruction.Recurrent or persistent urinary infection in these patients were associated with high incidence of post operative renal deterioration. Residual stones - Meticulous attention should be given towards stone clearance since residual stones can regrow, cause obstruction, and urinary tract infection Morbidity and mortality is reduced in these group of patients by judiciously handling the condition with timely interventions and further prevention of renal deterioration and follow up of these patients

Moisture management properties of eri silk knitted fabrics

389-395Moisture management and wicking properties of eri silk knitted fabrics have been studied. Three different knit structures, namely single jersey, single pique and honeycomb, have been developed with the combination of two different yarn count and tightness level. The fabrics developed are analyzed in terms of wetting time, spreading speed, absorption rate, and maximum wetting radius, accumulative one way transport index (AOTI) and overall moisture management capacity (OMMC). It is discerned that the variables, such as yarn count, fabric tightness and knitting structure, have a significant influence on the wicking and moisture management properties. The OMMC indexes of eri silk knitted fabric are found to range from ‘very good’ to “excellent’ category, which indicates the suitability of eri silk yarn to skin fit as well as active wear applications