750 Natalia the economic and legal analysis of the terms of international delivery contracts involving Russian suppliers

Purpose: The article presents an economic and legal analysis of the terms of contracts for international delivery of goods involving Russian suppliers. Design/Methodology/Approach: The authors analysed the international norms of regulating relations for the goods’ delivery involving the foreign element. Terms of the goods delivery are investigated according to the national legislation of the Russian Federation. Findings: As a result, it is necessary to use an economic and legal approach when developing contract terms for the goods’ delivery to take into account norms of international law, the national legislation of the supplier country and in accordance with the calculations of the contract price and payment terms. Practical Implications: The proposed method is in accordance with the international legal framework and it can be adopted by the Russian Federation easily. Originality/Value: There is no such an approach eligible to modernize the existing system in the country.peer-reviewe

Avoiding errors in the diagnosis of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy in patients with age-related macular degeneration (Part 1)

Background: Poor availability of indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) raises the question of how to improve the diagnosis of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) using alternative imaging modalities, optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCR angiography (OCTA). Purpose: To optimize the diagnosis of PCV in patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) using non-invasive methods, OCT and OCTA. Material and Methods: One hundred and sixty-nine patients (228 eyes) with neovascular AMD underwent OCT and OCTA study as per the proposed algorithm to differentiate between PCV and other types of subretinal neovascularization. Of these, 14 patients (8.28%; 14 eyes) were found to have PCV. Results: Major and additional signs of PCV, secondary neovascularization and activity of the process on OCT were determined. In addition, we determined the signs of PCV on OCTA manu-al and automatic segmentation which will be helpful in accurate differential diagnosis of the disease. On the basis of these data, we developed a step-by-step algorithm of the OCT and OC-TA diagnosis of PCV in patients suspected of the disease, which allows the accurate diagnosis when ICGA is unavailable. Conclusion: Systematic step-by-step interpretation of OCT and OCTA scans allow the reliable differential diagnosis of PCV in patients with exudative AMD

OCTA-based retinal microvascular bed assessment at the zones ranging from the fovea to the periphery

Background: Studies (particularly, optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) studies) on the peripheral microvascular bed in health are important because many retinal disorders involve its injury. Purpose: To improve the efficacy of diagnosing the changes in the retinal microvascular bed through its OCTA-based assessment at the zones ranging from the fovea to the periphery in normal eyes. Material and Methods: Fourteen healthy individuals were included in the study. Three sequential 3 mm x 3 mm OCTA scans with displacement from the center of the fovea to the periphery for each of the three directions (superior, inferior and temporal directions) were registered. Results: Superficial plexus vessel density and deep plexus vessel density were assessed at 1-9 mm from the center of the fovea. We found that superficial plexus vessel density progressively increased (38-46%) with distance from the center of the fovea, whereas deep plexus vessel density moderately decreased (18-25%) with distance from the center. Superficial plexus vessel density was significantly increased in the superior and inferior directions at the zones with the presence of vascular arcades, and these arcades are absent in the temporal direction; this makes the temporal direction most reliable and promising for studies on microcirculation at the ocular periphery. Conclusion: OCTA is an effective technique for assessing the retinal microvascular bed at the zones ranging from the fovea to the far periphery

Evolution of CpG-islands by means of tandem duplications

CG-rich islands (CpG-islands, or CGI) are important functional elements in a genome of vertebrates. In particular, they: a) initiate transcription as promoters in most (> 50 %) genes of vertebrates, in some cases bi-directional, due to self-complement feature of cg dinucleotides; b) form a global methylation landscape; c) act as a transcription “switch” via methylation. The degenerate nature of CpG-island (elevated CG composition) implies an increase in the probability of tandem repeats and palindromes within CpG- island. This work is devoted to the identification of tandem duplications of complete CpG-islands, i. e. considering mega monomers of size 400–5 000 bp, in the human genome. We found a range of inter- and intragenic tandem duplications of CpG-islands. Intergenic CpGi duplication mediates through CG-rich telomeric satellites, as well as elements of the SINE. One of the most pronounced tandems are located in chromosome 19, known for its abundance of segment duplications and gene expansion. We also underline the unique genomic segment, which is DXZ4 mega satellite, in q arm of chromosome X, also falling into the category of CpG-islands which evolved by tandem duplications rounds

A genogeographic study of the Kyrgyz mountain merino via microsatellite markers

The aim was to ascertain the genetic and geographical structure of the Kyrgyz mountain merino (KMM). We analyzed DNA samples of 109 Kyrgyz mountain merino specimens, bred in three state breeding factories (STB), including“Orgochor” in the Issykul Province,“Katta-Taldyk” in the Osh Province and STb named after Luschikhin in the Talas Province. We identified 126 alleles in 12 microsatellite markers (McM042, INRA006, McM527, ETH152, CSRD247, OarFCB20, INRA172, INRA063, MAF065, MAF214, INRA005, INRA023). There were 6 to 16 alleles in each locus (mean 10.500 ± 0.957 alleles per locus). We identified 67 rare alleles (prevalence less than 5.0 %), which made up 53.2 % of all alleles found. The greatest number of rare alleles was found in STR-markers of CSRD247, INRA023, INRA005, INRA006, MAF214 and OarFCB20. For each group, there were individual differences in the distribution of allele frequencies across all the STR loci studied. The most significant of them were as follows: with regard to the McM042 locus, allele 87 was major in the TALAS and OSH groups (35.6 and 45.7 %, respectively), whereas allele 95 was major in the ISSYK-KUL group (36.2 %); allele 154 was major in all groups with regard to the INRA172 locus, but it was 1.25 times less prevalent in the ISSYK-KUL and 1.66 times less prevalent in the OSH groups compared to TALAS (55.2 and 41.4 %, respectively), whereas alleles 156 and 158 were found only in the ISSYK-KUL group. Considering the ETH152 locus, 186 allele prevalence in the TALAS group was 51.1 %, but allele 190 was also markedly prevalent in the ISSYK-KUL and OSH groups, 34.5 and 34.3 %, respectively. The genetic division of the studied groups of KMM (with K from 3 to 10) was homogeneous – the contribution of each subcluster was equivalent. The AMOVA analysis revealed that the groups are located equidistantly. To conclude, the genetic diversity of the Kyrgyz mountain merino in three state breeding factories of the Kyrgyz Republic was high and comparable with each other

Producing valid statistics when legislation, culture, and medical practices differ for births at or before the threshold of survival: Report of a European workshop

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Polymorphism in the TRP8 gene in Kyrgyz population: putative association with highland adaptation

The human TRPM8 gene encodes a receptor mediating cold sensitivity, and this fact points to its putative role in cold adaptation. The structural variability of the TRPM8 gene for five single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) has been studied in Kyrgyz population. The SNPs are located in coding regions of the gene, and three of them are confined to a segment of 20 bp in exon 7. The frequencies of minor SNP alleles are: rs13004520 G/C = 0.06; rs28901637 А/Т = 0.13; rs11562975 G/C = 0.27; rs7593557 G/A = 0.21; rs11563071 С/G = 0.12. The analyzed sample of Kyrgyz population includes 275 individuals living at different altitudes and under drastically different climatic conditions. The frequency of the minor rs11562975 allele in highlanders (living above 2 800 m A. S. L.) is one-third lower than in residents of lower regions (760–2 800 m A. S. L.; p < 0.01). This result presumes a selective role of rs11562975 in cold adaptation. Comparison of haplotype frequencies in Kyrgyz people with Europeans, East Asians, and Africans shows a clear narrowing of genotype variation in Europeans in comparison to all others. Probably, this phenomenon is related to a population size decline (bottleneck effect) during the evolution. We consider the exon– intron structure of the TRPM8 gene. Epigenetic markers in the vicinity of the gene have been analyzed. Two strong binding sites for insulator ctcf proteins are present there. They are likely to be associated with chromatin conformation and alternative splicing regulation. A structure–functional characterization of genes for the TRP protein family is provided

Relationship of depressive disorders with hypertension, its control and other metabolic risk factors in the Tyumen Oblast population of men and women. Data from the study “Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases and their Risk Factors in Regions of Russian Federation” (ESSE-RF)

Aim. To study the association between depression and metabolic cardiovascular risk factors, hypertension (HTN) and its control in a random sample of Tyumen Oblast population of men and women aged 25-64 years.Material and methods. The study object was a random sample of the population of the Tyumen and the Tyumen Oblast aged 25-64 years, examined as part of the ESSE-RF epidemiological study. The study included 1658 participants. Among them, 30,3% (n=503) were men, while 69,7% (n=1155) — women. Mean age was 48,9±11,4 years. The prevalence of metabolic risk factors (hyperlipidemia, carbohydrate metabolism disorder, obesity), hypertension and the likelihood of its control in men and women with different levels of depressive disorders diagnosed using the HADS scale were assessed.Results. Compared with participants without depression, persons with psychological disorders were significantly more likely to have HTN (55,5% vs 47,6%, p<0,01), elevated levels of total cholesterol (TC) (63,9% vs 54,0%, p<0,01) and low-density lipoproteins (LDL) (66,7% vs 60,3%, p<0,05), carbohydrate metabolism disorders (8,3% vs 5,2% p<0,05), obesity (49,2% vs 37,7%, p<0,01). Significantly more often hypertensive subjects without depression took antihypertensive drugs effectively (odds ratio (OR) — 1,747, 95% confidence interval (CI), 1,001-3,053) and controlled blood pressure (OR — 1,533, 95% CI, 1,05-2,36). There was no association between the use of antihypertensives and the level of depressive disorders. Among women with depression (HADS>7), dyslipidemia (65,5% vs 57,4% for TC, p<0,05; 71,0% vs 62,9% for LDL, p<0,05), carbohydrate metabolism disorders (10,1% vs 5,2%, p<0,01), obesity (53,3% vs 43,2%, p<0,01), HTN (60,6% vs 45,6%, p<0,01) were more common. Men with clinical depression were more likely to have HTN (69,0% vs 47,7%, p<0,05), with a high level of depression — hyperlipidemia (58,9% vs 46,7% for TC, p<0,05; 67,1% vs 53,9% for LDL, p<0,05). Women with elevated depression levels were less likely to take antihypertensive drugs (30% vs 49,4%, p<0,01) and control hypertension (13,8% vs 21,2%, p<0,05).Conclusion. The data obtained confirm the association of depressive disorders with metabolic risk factors and the likelihood of HTN control, which is especially significant among women