Advertising Expenditures in U.S. Manufacturing Industries, 1967 and 1982

Marketing,

Design of bio-nanosystems for oral delivery of functional compounds

Nanotechnology has been referred to as one of the most interesting topics in food technology due to the potentialities of its use by food industry. This calls for studying the behavior of nanosystems as carriers of biological and functional compounds aiming at their utilization for delivery, controlled release and protection of such compounds during food processing and oral ingestion. This review highlights the principles of design and production of bio-nanosystems for oral delivery and their behavior within the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract, while providing an insight into the application of reverse engineering approach to the design of those bio-nanosystems. Nanocapsules, nanohydrogels, lipid-based and multilayer nanosystems are discussed (in terms of their main ingredients, production techniques, predominant forces and properties) and some examples of possible food applications are given. Phenomena occurring in in vitro digestion models are presented, mainly using examples related to the utilization of lipid-based nanosystems and their physicochemical behavior throughout the GI tract. Furthermore, it is shown how a reverse engineering approach, through two main steps, can be used to design bio-nanosystems for food applications, and finally a last section is presented to discuss future trends and consumer perception on food nanotechnology.Miguel A. Cerqueira, Ana C. Pinheiro, Helder D. Silva, Philippe E. Ramos, Ana I. Bourbon, Oscar L. Ramos (SFRH/BPD/72753/2010, SFRH/BD/48120/2008, SFRH/BD/81288/2011, SFRH/BD/80800/2011, SFRH/BD/73178/2010 and SFRH/BPD/80766/2011, respectively) are the recipients of a fellowship from the Fundacao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia (FCT, POPH-QREN and FSE Portugal). Maria L. Flores-Lopez thanks Mexican Science and Technology Council (CONACYT, Mexico) for PhD fellowship support (CONACYT Grant number: 215499/310847). The support of EU Cost Actions FA0904 and FA1001 is gratefully acknowledged

Novel OSNR monitoring technique in dense WDM systems using inherently generated CW monitoring channels

We present a simple, yet effective OSNR monitoring technique based on an inherent effect in the optical modulator. Highly accurate OSNR monitoring is demonstrated in a 40 Gb/s dense WDM system with 50 GHz channel spacing

42.8 Gbit/s, 4 bits per symbol 16-ary Inverse-RZ-QASK-DQPSK transmission experiment without Polmux

We present an experimental implementation of 16-ary 42.8 Gbit/s Inverse-RZ-QASKDQPSK, using four-level inverse return-to-zero amplitude modulation with four-level differential phase modulation. We demonstrate transmission over a 75 km fibre span with only minor degradation

From Iceberg to Iced Tea

In relation to an exhibition of film and photography by 13 First Nations and Inuit artists, the correspondence between the curators (one Native, the other non-Native) reveals their preparations and discussion of the photographic representation of culture and community. Staats' poetic text deals with creativity and cultural struggle. Biographical notes. 3 bibl. ref

The economics of advertising: Where's the data?

Advertising, product differentiation, manufacturing industries,