819 research outputs found
Relationship between fish size and otolith length for 63 species of fishes from the Eastern North Pacific Ocean
Otoliths commonly are used to determine the taxon, age, and size of fishes. This information is useful for population management, predator-prey studies, and archaeological research. The relationship between the length of a fish and the length of its otoliths remains unknown for many species of marine fishes in the Pacific Ocean. Therefore, the relationships between fish length and fish weight, and between otolith length and fish length, were developed for 63 species of fishes caught in the eastern North Pacific Ocean. We also summarized similar relationships for 46 eastern North Pacific fish species reported in the literature. The relationship between fish length and otolith length was linear, and most of the variability was explained by a simple least-squares regression (r 2 > 0.700 for 45 of 63 species). The relationship between otolith length and fish length was not significantly different between left and right otoliths for all but one fish species. Images of otoliths from 77 taxa are included to assist in the identification of species. (PDF file contains 38 pages.
Vortex Correlation Functions in Maxwell-Chern-Simons Models
Maxwell-Chern-Simons models in the presence of an instanton anti-instanton
background are studied. The saddle-point configuration corresponds to the
creation and annihilation of a vortex localized around the Dirac string needed
to support the nontrivial background. This configuration is generalized to the
case in which a nonlocal Maxwell term is allowed in order to fulfill the finite
action requirement. Following 't Hooft procedure, we compute the vortex
correlation functions and we study the possibility of obtaining spin 1/2
excitations. A possible connection with the bosonization of interacting
three-dimensional massive fermionic systems is also discussed.Comment: 1+10 pages, LaTeX2
Translating research into policy and practice in developing countries: a case study of magnesium sulphate for pre-eclampsia.
BACKGROUND: The evidence base for improving reproductive health continues to grow. However, concerns remain that the translation of this evidence into appropriate policies is partial and slow. Little is known about the factors affecting the use of evidence by policy makers and clinicians, particularly in developing countries. The objective of this study was to examine the factors that might affect the translation of randomised controlled trial (RCT) findings into policies and practice in developing countries. METHODS: The recent publication of an important RCT on the use of magnesium sulphate to treat pre-eclampsia provided an opportunity to explore how research findings might be translated into policy. A range of research methods, including a survey, group interview and observations with RCT collaborators and a survey of WHO drug information officers, regulatory officials and obstetricians in 12 countries, were undertaken to identify barriers and facilitators to knowledge translation. RESULTS: It proved difficult to obtain reliable data regarding the availability and use of commonly used drugs in many countries. The perceived barriers to implementing RCT findings regarding the use of magnesium sulphate for pre-eclampsia include drug licensing and availability; inadequate and poorly implemented clinical guidelines; and lack of political support for policy change. However, there were significant regional and national differences in the importance of specific barriers. CONCLUSION: The policy changes needed to ensure widespread availability and use of magnesium sulphate are variable and complex. Difficulties in obtaining information on availability and use are combined with the wide range of barriers across settings, including a lack of support from policy makers. This makes it difficult to envisage any single intervention strategy that might be used to promote the uptake of research findings on magnesium sulphate into policy across the study settings. The publication of important trials may therefore not have the impacts on health care that researchers hope for
On the induced gauge invariant mass
We derive a general expression for the gauge invariant mass (m_G) for an
Abelian gauge field, as induced by vacuum polarization, in 1+1 dimensions. From
its relation to the chiral anomaly, we show that m_G has to satisfy a certain
quantization condition. This quantization can be, on the other hand, explicitly
verified by using the exact general expression for the gauge invariant mass in
terms of the fermion propagator. This result is applied to some explicit
examples, exploring the possibility of having interesting physical situations
where the value of departs from its canonical value. We also study the
possibility of generalizing the results to the 2+1 dimensional case at finite
temperature, showing that there are indeed situations where a finite and
non-vanishing gauge invariant mass is induced.Comment: 18 pages, Latex, 3 figures (pstex
Single Superfield Representation for Mixed Retarded and Advanced Correlators in Disordered Systems
We propose a new single superfield representation for mixed retarded and
advanced correlators for noninteracting disordered systems. The method is
tested in the simpler context of Random Matrix theory, by comparing with well
known universal behavior for level spacing correlations. Our method is general
and could be especially interesting to study localization properties encoded in
the mixed correlators of Quantum Hall systems.Comment: 13 pages including two figures, RevTex4. Improved version. Figures
changed. To appear in Journal of Physics
Diagonal deformations of thin center vortices and their stability in Yang-Mills theories
The importance of center vortices for the understanding of the confining
properties of SU(N) Yang-Mills theories is well established in the lattice.
However, in the continuum, there is a problem concerning the relevance of
center vortex backgrounds. They display the so called Savvidy-Nielsen-Olesen
instability, associated with a gyromagnetic ratio for the
off-diagonal gluons.
In this work, we initially consider the usual definition of a {\it thin}
center vortex and rewrite it in terms of a local color frame in SU(N)
Yang-Mills theories. Then, we define a thick center vortex as a diagonal
deformation of the thin object. Besides the usual thick background profile,
this deformation also contains a frame defect coupled with gyromagnetic ratio
, originated from the charged sector. As a consequence, the
analysis of stability is modified. In particular, we point out that the defect
should stabilize a vortex configuration formed by a pair of straight components
separated by an appropriate finite distance.Comment: 20 pages, LaTe
SUPPORT Tools for evidence-informed health Policymaking (STP) 8: Deciding how much confidence to place in a systematic review
This article is part of a series written for people responsible for making decisions about health policies and programmes and for those who support these decision makers
U(1) effective confinement theory from SU(2) restricted gauge theory via the Julia-Toulouse Approach
We derive an U(1) effective theory of color confinement by applying the
so-called Julia-Toulouse Approach for defects condensation to the SU(2)
restricted gauge theory defined by means of the Cho decomposition of the
non-abelian connection. Cho's geometric construction naturally displays the
topological degrees of freedom of the theory and can be used to put the
Yang-Mills action into an abelianized form under certain conditions. On the
other hand, the use of the Julia-Toulouse prescription to deal with the
monopole condensation leads to an effective action describing the phase whose
dynamics is dominated by the magnetic condensate. The effective theory we found
describes the interaction between external electric currents displaying a
short-range Yukawa interaction plus a linear confinement term that governs the
long distance physics.Comment: 7 page
Lessons from the evaluation of the UK's NHS R&D Implementation Methods Programme
Background: Concern about the effective use of research was a major factor behind the creation
of the NHS R&D Programme in 1991. In 1994, an advisory group was established to identify
research priorities in research implementation. The Implementation Methods Programme (IMP)
flowed from this, and its commissioning group funded 36 projects. In 2000 responsibility for the
programme passed to the National Co-ordinating Centre for NHS Service Delivery and
Organisation R&D, which asked the Health Economics Research Group (HERG), Brunel University,
to conduct an evaluation in 2002. By then most projects had been completed. This evaluation was
intended to cover: the quality of outputs, lessons to be learnt about the communication strategy
and the commissioning process, and the benefits from the projects.
Methods: We adopted a wide range of quantitative and qualitative methods. They included:
documentary analysis, interviews with key actors, questionnaires to the funded lead researchers,
questionnaires to potential users, and desk analysis.
Results: Quantitative assessment of outputs and dissemination revealed that the IMP funded useful
research projects, some of which had considerable impact against the various categories in the
HERG payback model, such as publications, further research, research training, impact on health
policy, and clinical practice.
Qualitative findings from interviews with advisory and commissioning group members indicated
that when the IMP was established, implementation research was a relatively unexplored field. This
was reflected in the understanding brought to their roles by members of the advisory and
commissioning groups, in the way priorities for research were chosen and developed, and in how
the research projects were commissioned. The ideological and methodological debates associated
with these decisions have continued among those working in this field. The need for an effective
communication strategy for the programme as a whole was particularly important. However, such
a strategy was never developed, making it difficult to establish the general influence of the IMP as a
programme.
Conclusion: Our findings about the impact of the work funded, and the difficulties faced by those
developing the IMP, have implications for the development of strategic programmes of research in
general, as well as for the development of more effective research in this field
Longer-Term Postcure Measurement of Cuspal Deformation Induced by Dimensional Changes in Dental Materials
Aim. This paper presents a simple, versatile in vitro methodology that enables indirect quantification of shrinkage and expansion stresses under clinically relevant conditions without the need for a dedicated instrument. Methods. For shrinkage effects, resulting cusp deformation of aluminum blocks with MOD type cavity, filled with novel filling compositions and commercial cements, has been measured using a bench-top micrometer and a Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT, a displacement transducer) based instrument. Results. The results demonstrated the validity of the proposed simple methodology. The technique was successfully used in longer-term measurements of shrinkage and expansion stress for several dental compositions. Conclusions. In contrast to in situ techniques where a measuring instrument is dedicated to the sample and its data collection, the proposed simple methodology allows for transfer of the samples to the environment of choice for storage and conditioning. The presented technique can be reliably used to quantify stress development of curing materials under clinically relevant (oral) conditions. This enables direct examination and comparison of structural properties corresponding to the final stage of formed networks. The proposed methodology is directly applicable to the study of self-curing systems as they require mouth-type conditions (temperature and humidity) to achieve their designed kinetics and reactions
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