PREVALENCE OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF THYROID DISORDERS IN A GROUP OF CHILDREN WITH DIABETES MELLITUS TYPE 1

Background&Aims: Thyroid disorders are frequently associated with diabetes in clinical practice. In type 1 diabetes, because autoimmune etiology it is often associated with autoimmune thyroid disease (chronic autoimmune thyroiditis, Basedow-Graves disease). The purpose of this study is to asses the prevalence of different types of thyroid disorders in a group of children with diabetes mellitus (DM) type 1. Methods: The studied group was represented by 83 children with diabetes mellitus type 1 (71 F and 12 M), aged between 7 and 17 years. Were used clinical, biochemical and imaging parameters. Results: Regarding the type of thyroid disease, prevailed ACT - 65.06% (87.03% F vs. 12.97% M, p<0.001, X2= 59.26), followed by diffuse euthyroid goiter - 30.12% (80% F vs. 20% M, p<0.001, X2= 18) and Graves-Basedow disease - 4.82% (100% F vs. 0% M, p = 0.006, X2= 8). For each thyroid disease we determined the actual mean age, the onset mean age of thyroid disease and diabetes, the mean duration of diabetes and thyroid disease, mean BMI, glucose and HbA1c. We found significant differences between these three thyroid disease regarding actual age, onset age of diabetes, diabetes and thyroid disease duration. We don’t found significant differences regarding BMI, blood glucose and HbA1c. Conclusion: In children with type 1 diabetes we found a net predominance of female and were prevailed autoimmune diseases such as part of the polyglandular autoimmune syndrome

Transboundary Environmental Harm in the Arctic – In Search of Accountability for an Oil Spill

Recently, the Arctic has transformed from a peripheral region to an area of great interest, for instance in terms of oil drilling. Nonetheless, no legal instrument has addressed the matter of accountability for transfrontier oil pollution damage. This article accordingly evaluates whether the current legal constructs, meaning State responsibility, international liability, civil liability regimes, and multilateral environmental agreements, allow accountability to be established for transboundary environmental harm resulting from hydrocarbon exploitation in the Arctic. It also examines whether these constructions could serve as the basis for future legislative actions. This article treats these four constructions as layers of accountability. After examining all of the layers in their current formulation, this article asserts that the existing layers cannot establish accountability for transboundary environmental damage in the Arctic, nor do they as such offer an effective way to regulate accountability in the future. Therefore, the article concludes that the law of accountability necessitates a new approach, such as a non-compliance mechanism or hybrid system combining elements of multiple layers. Finally, the article calls for immediate legislative actions.Peer reviewe

306-321 GHz Wideband Channel Measurement and Analysis in an Indoor Lobby

The Terahertz (0.1-10 THz) band has been envisioned as one of the promising spectrum bands to support ultra-broadband sixth-generation (6G) and beyond communications. In this paper, a wideband channel measurement campaign in an indoor lobby at 306-321 GHz is presented. The measurement system consists of a vector network analyzer (VNA)-based channel sounder, and a directional antenna equipped at the receiver to resolve multi-path components (MPCs) in the angular domain. In particular, 21 positions and 3780 channel impulse responses (CIRs) are measured in the lobby, including the line-of-sight (LoS), non-line-of-sight (NLoS) and obstructed-line-of-sight (OLoS) cases. Multi-path propagation is elaborated in terms of clustering results, and the effect of typical scatterers in the indoor lobby scenario in the THz band is explored. Moreover, indoor THz channel characteristics are analyzed in depth. Specifically, best direction and omni-directional path losses are analyzed by invoking close-in and alpha-beta path loss models. The most clusters are observed in the OLoS case, followed by NLoS and then LoS cases. On average, the power dispersion of MPCs is smaller in the LoS case in both temporal and angular domains, compared with the NLoS and OLoS counterparts.Comment: 6 pages, 15 figure

The significant solar proton events in 20th solar cycle for the period October 1964 to March 1970

Solar proton data are presented from observations by the Explorer 21, 28, 34 and 41 satellites. The NASA Solar Particle Alert Network (SPAN) solar optical and radio frequency data for the period May 1967 to March 1970 are associated with the proton events observed by the Explorer 34 and 41 satellites; however, missing data are supplemented with data recorded at other international observatories. From a radiation hazard standpoint, NASA is concerned with solar proton events of the order of 10 to the 8th power proton/sq cm. Radiation dose data are presented for some of the large proton events that have occurred thus far in the 20th solar cycle and are compared with some of the large proton events of the 19th solar cycle. Finally, the results of a simple parametric correlation study are presented for both the 19th and 20th solar cycles

Judicial Use of Foreign Law: A Comparative Analysis

This review article offers a discussion of Judicial Cosmopolitanism: The Foreign Law in Contemporary Constitutional Systems and explores the contribution the book makes to an ever growing corner of comparative constitutional law. It starts by placing scholarship focusing on judicial use of foreign law within the broader field, marking out Ferrari’s contribution as comprehensive. It then explains, in detail, some of the trends that can be identified from Ferrari’s text, embarking on a discussion of the varying ways in which jurisdictions across the world make use of foreign law

The Responsability of States for Environmental Harm in a Multinational Context — Problems and Trends

Le présent article comporte d'abord une discussion des parallèles entre les problèmes de la responsabilité pour les dommages environnementaux aux niveaux national et international. Dans les deux cas, les règles établies pour des problèmes et priorités d'une autre époque devaient être appliquées aux problèmes complexes de l’environnement de notre temps. Mais les deux systèmes se sont avérés inadéquats à traiter les problèmes actuels de l’environnement et ils ont dû évoluer de façon à mieux faire face aux défis. La deuxième partie illustre, dans ses grandes lignes, les lacunes du système international et des règles de la responsabilité de l’Etat. Ces lacunes sont ancrées dans le coeur du système, concentré sur les intérêts des États souverains. Elles comprennent l'imprécision des règles, la mésentente concernant le genre de responsabilité (faute ou responsabilité stricte), la considération de nombreuses activités polluantes comme « légales », le caractère réactif du système et l'incapacité du système à traiter convenablement les coûts écologiques plutôt que les dommages aux intérêts de l'État. La troisième partie comprend l’énumération des développements et des orientations qui pourraient fournir des réponses aux problèmes mentionnés ci-dessus. Les solutions possibles comprennent l'établissement de règles protégeant les intérêts des États souverains de la communauté internationale, l'institution de régimes spéciaux de responsabilité pour les problèmes environnementaux plus précisément soulignés, les efforts de la Commission de droit international pour instituer un régime de responsabilité pour risques et la diffusion des régimes conçus pour prévenir ou résoudre les problèmes de l'environnement.The paper begins with a discussion of parallels between problems of environmental liability law at the national and international levels. At both levels, rules built upon concerns and priorities of another era had to be applied to the complex environmental problems of our times. Both systems have proven to be inadequate in addressing modern environmental concerns and have evolved to better meet the challenge. The second part of the paper will highlight the shortcomings of the international system and the law of state responsibility. They are rooted in the system's focus on the interests of sovereign states and include the vagueness of the relevant rules, the disagreement as to the standard of liability (fault or strict liability), the perception of many polluting activities as « lawful », the system's reactive character, the system's failure to effectively deal with ecological costs rather than injury to state interests. In its third part, the paper will survey developments and trends that may provide solutions to the aforementioned problems. Possible solutions include the emergence of rules that protect the common interests of the international community rather than the sovereign interests of states, the development of special liability regimes for more narrowly defined environmental concerns (generally : ultrahazardous activities), efforts of the International Law Commission to develop a risk liability regime, the proliferation of regimes designed to prevent or manage environmental problems

Observation of hard scattering in photoproduction events with a large rapidity gap at HERA

Events with a large rapidity gap and total transverse energy greater than 5 GeV have been observed in quasi-real photoproduction at HERA with the ZEUS detector. The distribution of these events as a function of the $\gamma p$ centre of mass energy is consistent with diffractive scattering. For total transverse energies above 12 GeV, the hadronic final states show predominantly a two-jet structure with each jet having a transverse energy greater than 4 GeV. For the two-jet events, little energy flow is found outside the jets. This observation is consistent with the hard scattering of a quasi-real photon with a colourless object in the proton.Comment: 19 pages, latex, 4 figures appended as uuencoded fil