Combat modeling for Command, Control, and Communications: a primer

This thesis is a primer for a combat modeling course for Joint Command, Control, and Communications (C3) students at the Naval Postgraduate School. It provides the students with a single document which ties together the concepts of several modeling experts pertinent to C3. The thesis examines various aspects of combat models and introduces some of their functions, applications, and results. Areas included in the primer are: combat theory and definitions for command and control reflected in that theory; modeling techniques; measures of effectiveness; attrition models, particularly Lanchester type equations; history of naval modeling; and a survey of current modeling efforts, such as simulation, Chaos Theory, and Decision Support Aids. The thesis introduces basic concepts and identifies readings from which those concepts were extracted. It does not teach students to develop combat models, though it gives insight into how the application affects proper model selection.http://archive.org/details/combatmodelingfo1094530724Lieutenant, United States NavyCaptain, United States Air ForceApproved for public release; distribution is unlimited

Calcium spikes in activated macrophages during Fcγ receptor‐mediated phagocytosis

Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/142318/1/jlb0677.pd

Altered membrane trafficking in activated bone marrow‐derived macrophages

Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/141402/1/jlb0487.pd

Effects of Increasing Standardized Ileal Digestible Valine:Lysine Ratio on Growth Performance of Finishing Pigs

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of increasing standardized ileal digestible (SID) Val:Lys ratio on the growth performance of 85 to 150 lb (Exp. 1) and 195 to 260 lb (Exp. 2) finishing pigs. In Exp. 1,647 pigs (DNA 600 × 241) were randomly allotted to one of six dietary treatments with eight or nine pigs per pen and 12 replications per treatment. Diets were corn-soybean meal-based, and low and high Val diets were manufactured and blended to create intermediate Val:Lys ratio diets. Diets were formulated to contain 0.90% SID Lys, and treatments consisted of SID Val:Lys ratios of 60, 63, 66, 69, 72, and 75%. At the conclusion of the 27-d study, all pigs were fed a common diet for 30 days and then randomly re-allotted to one of six diets formulated to contain 0.65% SID Lys and SID Val:Lys ratios of 63, 66, 69, 72, 75, and 78% (Exp. 2). In both experiments, blood samples were drawn from three pigs per pen on d 15 for plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) analysis. In Exp. 1, final BW, ADG, and ADFI increased (quadratic, P \u3c 0.05) as Val:Lys ratio increased. Pigs fed the diet with 66% SID Val:Lys ratio had the greatest ADG, whereas pigs fed 72% SID Val:Lys ratio had the greatest ADFI. As the Val:Lys ratio increased, feed efficiency worsened (linear, P \u3c 0.05). Valine and Lys intake increased (quadratic, P \u3c 0.05) as the Val:Lys ratio increased with the greatest Val intake observed at the 72% SID Val:Lys ratio. Valine and Lys intake per kg of gain increased (linear, P \u3c 0.05) as the level of Val in the diet increased. Plasma urea nitrogen decreased (linear, P \u3c 0.05) as the Val:Lys ratio increased. In Exp. 2, ADG and ADFI increased (linear, P \u3c 0.05) as Val:Lys increased. However, for ADG there was little improvement from feeding greater than 69% SID Val:Lys. There were no effects (P \u3e 0.05) of SID Val:Lys on final BW, feed efficiency, or PUN. Valine intake, Lys intake, and Val intake per kg of gain increased (linear, P \u3c 0.05) as the Val:Lys ratio increased. There were no differences (P \u3e 0.05) observed in Lys intake per kg of gain. Results of this study suggest the SID Val:Lys requirement for finishing pigs is approximately 66% for 85 to 150 lb and 69% for 195 to 260 lb

Sequencing of sporadic Attention‐Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) identifies novel and potentially pathogenic de novo variants and excludes overlap with genes associated with autism spectrum disorder

Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/137575/1/ajmgb32527.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/137575/2/ajmgb32527_am.pd

Transient Increase in Cyclic AMP Localized to Macrophage Phagosomes

Cyclic AMP (cAMP) regulates many biological processes and cellular functions. The importance of spatially localized intracellular gradients of cAMP is increasingly appreciated. Previous work in macrophages has shown that cAMP is produced during phagocytosis and that elevated cAMP levels suppress host defense functions, including generation of proinflammatory mediators, phagocytosis and killing. However, the spatial and kinetic characteristics of cAMP generation in phagocytosing macrophages have yet to be examined. Using a Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based cAMP biosensor, we measured the generation of cAMP in live macrophages. We detected no difference in bulk intracellular cAMP levels between resting cells and cells actively phagocytosing IgG-opsonized particles. However, analysis with the biosensor revealed a rapid decrease in FRET signal corresponding to a transient burst of cAMP production localized to the forming phagosome. cAMP levels returned to baseline after the particle was internalized. These studies indicate that localized increases in cAMP accompany phagosome formation and provide a framework for a more complete understanding of how cAMP regulates macrophage host defense functions

The clustering of galaxies in the SDSS-III Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey: Baryon Acoustic Oscillations in the Data Release 9 Spectroscopic Galaxy Sample

We present measurements of galaxy clustering from the Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (BOSS), which is part of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey III (SDSS-III). These use the Data Release 9 (DR9) CMASS sample, which contains 264,283 massive galaxies covering 3275 square degrees with an effective redshift z=0.57 and redshift range 0.43 < z < 0.7. Assuming a concordance Lambda-CDM cosmological model, this sample covers an effective volume of 2.2 Gpc^3, and represents the largest sample of the Universe ever surveyed at this density, n = 3 x 10^-4 h^-3 Mpc^3. We measure the angle-averaged galaxy correlation function and power spectrum, including density-field reconstruction of the baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) feature. The acoustic features are detected at a significance of 5\sigma in both the correlation function and power spectrum. Combining with the SDSS-II Luminous Red Galaxy Sample, the detection significance increases to 6.7\sigma. Fitting for the position of the acoustic features measures the distance to z=0.57 relative to the sound horizon DV /rs = 13.67 +/- 0.22 at z=0.57. Assuming a fiducial sound horizon of 153.19 Mpc, which matches cosmic microwave background constraints, this corresponds to a distance DV(z=0.57) = 2094 +/- 34 Mpc. At 1.7 per cent, this is the most precise distance constraint ever obtained from a galaxy survey. We place this result alongside previous BAO measurements in a cosmological distance ladder and find excellent agreement with the current supernova measurements. We use these distance measurements to constrain various cosmological models, finding continuing support for a flat Universe with a cosmological constant.Comment: 33 page

The Ninth Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey: First Spectroscopic Data from the SDSS-III Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey

The Sloan Digital Sky Survey III (SDSS-III) presents the first spectroscopic data from the Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (BOSS). This ninth data release (DR9) of the SDSS project includes 535,995 new galaxy spectra (median z=0.52), 102,100 new quasar spectra (median z=2.32), and 90,897 new stellar spectra, along with the data presented in previous data releases. These spectra were obtained with the new BOSS spectrograph and were taken between 2009 December and 2011 July. In addition, the stellar parameters pipeline, which determines radial velocities, surface temperatures, surface gravities, and metallicities of stars, has been updated and refined with improvements in temperature estimates for stars with T_eff<5000 K and in metallicity estimates for stars with [Fe/H]>-0.5. DR9 includes new stellar parameters for all stars presented in DR8, including stars from SDSS-I and II, as well as those observed as part of the SDSS-III Sloan Extension for Galactic Understanding and Exploration-2 (SEGUE-2). The astrometry error introduced in the DR8 imaging catalogs has been corrected in the DR9 data products. The next data release for SDSS-III will be in Summer 2013, which will present the first data from the Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE) along with another year of data from BOSS, followed by the final SDSS-III data release in December 2014.Comment: 9 figures; 2 tables. Submitted to ApJS. DR9 is available at http://www.sdss3.org/dr

The Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey of SDSS-III

The Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (BOSS) is designed to measure the scale of baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO) in the clustering of matter over a larger volume than the combined efforts of all previous spectroscopic surveys of large scale structure. BOSS uses 1.5 million luminous galaxies as faint as i=19.9 over 10,000 square degrees to measure BAO to redshifts z<0.7. Observations of neutral hydrogen in the Lyman alpha forest in more than 150,000 quasar spectra (g<22) will constrain BAO over the redshift range 2.15<z<3.5. Early results from BOSS include the first detection of the large-scale three-dimensional clustering of the Lyman alpha forest and a strong detection from the Data Release 9 data set of the BAO in the clustering of massive galaxies at an effective redshift z = 0.57. We project that BOSS will yield measurements of the angular diameter distance D_A to an accuracy of 1.0% at redshifts z=0.3 and z=0.57 and measurements of H(z) to 1.8% and 1.7% at the same redshifts. Forecasts for Lyman alpha forest constraints predict a measurement of an overall dilation factor that scales the highly degenerate D_A(z) and H^{-1}(z) parameters to an accuracy of 1.9% at z~2.5 when the survey is complete. Here, we provide an overview of the selection of spectroscopic targets, planning of observations, and analysis of data and data quality of BOSS.Comment: 49 pages, 16 figures, accepted by A

Spatial Organization and Molecular Correlation of Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes Using Deep Learning on Pathology Images

Beyond sample curation and basic pathologic characterization, the digitized H&E-stained images of TCGA samples remain underutilized. To highlight this resource, we present mappings of tumorinfiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) based on H&E images from 13 TCGA tumor types. These TIL maps are derived through computational staining using a convolutional neural network trained to classify patches of images. Affinity propagation revealed local spatial structure in TIL patterns and correlation with overall survival. TIL map structural patterns were grouped using standard histopathological parameters. These patterns are enriched in particular T cell subpopulations derived from molecular measures. TIL densities and spatial structure were differentially enriched among tumor types, immune subtypes, and tumor molecular subtypes, implying that spatial infiltrate state could reflect particular tumor cell aberration states. Obtaining spatial lymphocytic patterns linked to the rich genomic characterization of TCGA samples demonstrates one use for the TCGA image archives with insights into the tumor-immune microenvironment