Effect of counter ion valency on dynamics of sodium sulfonated polystyrene

We have studied the effect of counter ion valency on the chain dynamics of sodium sulfonated polystyrene polyelectrolyte having molecular weight, 1000 kDa. We have investigated the chain conformations as a function of counter ion valency and salt concentration using Dynamic Light Scattering. In the absence of added salt the polyelectrolyte assumes an extended structure. With addition of salt the hydrodynamic radius of the polyelectrolyte decreases on account of the screening effect of the added salt ions that effectively reduces the electrostatic repulsion between the like charged monomer units. With increase in ionic strength the polyelectrolyte chain acquires a coil like conformation. Reduction in size of the chain in presence salts having higher valency occurs at a much lower salt concentration as compared to monovalent salts

A rare case of secondary live advanced abdominal pregnancy

A 25-year-old gravida 2 para one with a history of 8 months lactational amenorrhoea presented to labour room with pain in abdomen since, 20 days in shock. Fundal height of uterus corresponded to 34 weeks size with unstable lie and uterus was relaxed. Fetal parts were palpable more easily than usual. Fetal heart sound was good. Pelvic examination revealed uneffaced and undilated cervix. Antenatal ultrasonography showed a single, viable fetus with gestational age of 33 weeks 6 days with oblique lie with head in right lower quadrant. Placenta was located in lower uterine segment covering internal os with AFI – nil with normal fetal cardiac activity and fetal movement. On opening the abdomen there was a boggy mass in the lower pelvic cavity with fetus with intact membrane lying in the abdominal cavity. Baby was delivered by breech extraction Baby weighed 2.2kg with no congenital anomaly. Placenta with membrane was in the left non-communicating horn of uterus with feeding vessels from omentum which were clamped, cut and ligated. The non-communicating horn with placenta was resected and left salpingo oophorectomy was done. Examination of intraabdominal viscera confirmed no injury. There was no torrential haemorrhage intraoperatively and abdomen was closed in layers after achieving proper hemostasis

Assisted delivery of mobile fetal head: a comparison of forceps, vaccum and assisted manual extraction of head at caesarean section

Background: Difficult fetal extraction occurs in 1-2% of caesarean deliveries. Either forceps or a vaccum device is often used to assist in delivery of the fetal head in cesarean section in high floating/mobile fetal head.  This study compare the safety (for mother and fetus) and efficacy of forceps and vacuum assisted delivery of high floating/mobile fetal head with the traditional method of manual extraction at caesarean section.Methods: The sample size included 100 cases of LSCS with manual extraction of fetal head, 100 cases of LSCS with forceps assisted extraction of fetal head and 100 cases of LSCS with vacuum assisted extraction of fetal head.Results: Application of fundal pressure was required in all cases of manual extraction group, in 51 cases of forceps extraction group. None of the cases of vacuum extraction group required application of fundal pressure. The U-D interval in manual extraction group was 90.56±4.91 seconds, in forceps extraction group was 70.2±5.02 seconds and in the vacuum extraction group it was 62.3±2.03 seconds. In the manual extraction group, there was an estimated blood loss of 428±69.38 ml, 579±97.22 ml of estimated blood loss was present in forceps extraction group and in the vacuum extraction group it was 454±66.92 ml.Conclusions: This study reveals that with use of vacuum in CS for delivery of floating head, is superior than application of forceps and manual delivery in relation to time, blood loss and fundal pressure without any adverse effect on neonates and maternal complication

Global, regional, and national burden of disorders affecting the nervous system, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BACKGROUND: Disorders affecting the nervous system are diverse and include neurodevelopmental disorders, late-life neurodegeneration, and newly emergent conditions, such as cognitive impairment following COVID-19. Previous publications from the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor Study estimated the burden of 15 neurological conditions in 2015 and 2016, but these analyses did not include neurodevelopmental disorders, as defined by the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-11, or a subset of cases of congenital, neonatal, and infectious conditions that cause neurological damage. Here, we estimate nervous system health loss caused by 37 unique conditions and their associated risk factors globally, regionally, and nationally from 1990 to 2021. METHODS: We estimated mortality, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs), by age and sex in 204 countries and territories, from 1990 to 2021. We included morbidity and deaths due to neurological conditions, for which health loss is directly due to damage to the CNS or peripheral nervous system. We also isolated neurological health loss from conditions for which nervous system morbidity is a consequence, but not the primary feature, including a subset of congenital conditions (ie, chromosomal anomalies and congenital birth defects), neonatal conditions (ie, jaundice, preterm birth, and sepsis), infectious diseases (ie, COVID-19, cystic echinococcosis, malaria, syphilis, and Zika virus disease), and diabetic neuropathy. By conducting a sequela-level analysis of the health outcomes for these conditions, only cases where nervous system damage occurred were included, and YLDs were recalculated to isolate the non-fatal burden directly attributable to nervous system health loss. A comorbidity correction was used to calculate total prevalence of all conditions that affect the nervous system combined. FINDINGS: Globally, the 37 conditions affecting the nervous system were collectively ranked as the leading group cause of DALYs in 2021 (443 million, 95% UI 378–521), affecting 3·40 billion (3·20–3·62) individuals (43·1%, 40·5–45·9 of the global population); global DALY counts attributed to these conditions increased by 18·2% (8·7–26·7) between 1990 and 2021. Age-standardised rates of deaths per 100 000 people attributed to these conditions decreased from 1990 to 2021 by 33·6% (27·6–38·8), and age-standardised rates of DALYs attributed to these conditions decreased by 27·0% (21·5–32·4). Age-standardised prevalence was almost stable, with a change of 1·5% (0·7–2·4). The ten conditions with the highest age-standardised DALYs in 2021 were stroke, neonatal encephalopathy, migraine, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, diabetic neuropathy, meningitis, epilepsy, neurological complications due to preterm birth, autism spectrum disorder, and nervous system cancer. INTERPRETATION: As the leading cause of overall disease burden in the world, with increasing global DALY counts, effective prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation strategies for disorders affecting the nervous system are needed

Production of He-4 and (4) in Pb-Pb collisions at root(NN)-N-S=2.76 TeV at the LHC

Results on the production of He-4 and (4) nuclei in Pb-Pb collisions at root(NN)-N-S = 2.76 TeV in the rapidity range vertical bar y vertical bar <1, using the ALICE detector, are presented in this paper. The rapidity densities corresponding to 0-10% central events are found to be dN/dy4(He) = (0.8 +/- 0.4 (stat) +/- 0.3 (syst)) x 10(-6) and dN/dy4 = (1.1 +/- 0.4 (stat) +/- 0.2 (syst)) x 10(-6), respectively. This is in agreement with the statistical thermal model expectation assuming the same chemical freeze-out temperature (T-chem = 156 MeV) as for light hadrons. The measured ratio of (4)/He-4 is 1.4 +/- 0.8 (stat) +/- 0.5 (syst). (C) 2018 Published by Elsevier B.V.Peer reviewe

Global, regional, and national burden of disorders affecting the nervous system, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

publishedVersio

Global, regional, and national burden of disorders affecting the nervous system, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BackgroundDisorders affecting the nervous system are diverse and include neurodevelopmental disorders, late-life neurodegeneration, and newly emergent conditions, such as cognitive impairment following COVID-19. Previous publications from the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor Study estimated the burden of 15 neurological conditions in 2015 and 2016, but these analyses did not include neurodevelopmental disorders, as defined by the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-11, or a subset of cases of congenital, neonatal, and infectious conditions that cause neurological damage. Here, we estimate nervous system health loss caused by 37 unique conditions and their associated risk factors globally, regionally, and nationally from 1990 to 2021.MethodsWe estimated mortality, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs), by age and sex in 204 countries and territories, from 1990 to 2021. We included morbidity and deaths due to neurological conditions, for which health loss is directly due to damage to the CNS or peripheral nervous system. We also isolated neurological health loss from conditions for which nervous system morbidity is a consequence, but not the primary feature, including a subset of congenital conditions (ie, chromosomal anomalies and congenital birth defects), neonatal conditions (ie, jaundice, preterm birth, and sepsis), infectious diseases (ie, COVID-19, cystic echinococcosis, malaria, syphilis, and Zika virus disease), and diabetic neuropathy. By conducting a sequela-level analysis of the health outcomes for these conditions, only cases where nervous system damage occurred were included, and YLDs were recalculated to isolate the non-fatal burden directly attributable to nervous system health loss. A comorbidity correction was used to calculate total prevalence of all conditions that affect the nervous system combined.FindingsGlobally, the 37 conditions affecting the nervous system were collectively ranked as the leading group cause of DALYs in 2021 (443 million, 95% UI 378–521), affecting 3·40 billion (3·20–3·62) individuals (43·1%, 40·5–45·9 of the global population); global DALY counts attributed to these conditions increased by 18·2% (8·7–26·7) between 1990 and 2021. Age-standardised rates of deaths per 100 000 people attributed to these conditions decreased from 1990 to 2021 by 33·6% (27·6–38·8), and age-standardised rates of DALYs attributed to these conditions decreased by 27·0% (21·5–32·4). Age-standardised prevalence was almost stable, with a change of 1·5% (0·7–2·4). The ten conditions with the highest age-standardised DALYs in 2021 were stroke, neonatal encephalopathy, migraine, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, diabetic neuropathy, meningitis, epilepsy, neurological complications due to preterm birth, autism spectrum disorder, and nervous system cancer.InterpretationAs the leading cause of overall disease burden in the world, with increasing global DALY counts, effective prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation strategies for disorders affecting the nervous system are needed