19 research outputs found
Entre Ilustración y Romanticismo: Fichte y el legado de Rousseau
In the present paper I intend to investigate Fichte’s use of the idea of Anerkennung, or recognition –the end that our amour-propre leads us to seek – in his positive account of how humans can realize, all at once, virtue, freedom, and rationality. In other words, I will examine how Fichte appropriates Rousseau's complex theory of amour-propre and human recognition. My claim is that even though Fichte underestimates the dangers to human well-being posed by our drive to be recognized by others, he can be credited with discovering in that same human need a potential for avoiding those dangers that Rousseau was only dimly aware of
Radioactivity in soil from Mojkovac, Montenegro, and assessment of radiological and cancer risk
Soil samples from Mojkovac, Montenegro, were analyzed by standard gamma-spectrometry for radioactivity due to 226Ra, 232Th, 40K, and 137Cs. Average activity concentrations have been found to be 28.6, 43.1, 620.8, and 55 Bq/kg, respectively. In order to evaluate the radiation hazard, radium equivalent activity, absorbed dose rate, annual effective dose, external and internal hazard indexes, and the annual gonadal dose equivalent were determined and found to be at an average of 133.79 Bq/kg, 65.18 nGy/h, 79.93 mSv/y, 0.37, 0.45, and 0.46 mSv/y, respectively. With life expectancy taken to be 70 years, a mean lifetime outdoor gamma radiation was calculated as 5.6 mSv, yielding a lifetime cancer risk of 2.8×10-4
Pumps used as turbines power recovery, energy efficiency, CFD analysis
As the global demand for energy grows, numerous studies in the field of
energy efficiency are stimulated, and one of them is certainly the use of
pumps in turbine operating mode. In order to reduce time necessary to
determine pump characteristic in turbine operating mode problem was studied
by computational fluid dynamics approach. The paper describes various
problems faced during modeling (pump and turbine mode) and the approaches
used to resolve the problems. Since in the majority of applications, the
turbine is a pump running in reverse, many attempts have been made to predict
the turbine performance from the known pump performance, but only for best
efficiency point. This approach does not provide reliable data for the design
of the system with maximum energy efficiency and does not allow the
determination of the head for a wide range of flow rates. This paper presents
an example of centrifugal norm pump operating in both (pump and turbine)
regime and comparison of experimentally obtained results and computational
fluid dynamics simulations. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije,
br. TR33040: Revitalization of existing and designing new micro and mini
hydropower plants (from 100 to 1000 kW) in the territory of South and
Southeast Serbia
Performance of low-pressure fans operating with hot air
Performance characteristics of fans are generally provided for the normal
temperature and pressure conditions (tI = 20°C, pI = 101.325 kPa, ρ I = 1.2
kg/m3). Very often, fans operate in different air conditions, occasionally at
different air temperatures. In these cases, equations obtained by the law of
similarity are usually used for recalculation of the fan operating
parameters. Increasing the inlet air temperature causes a decrease in the
characteristic of Reynolds number, and may lead to efficiency lowering of the
fan. There are also some empirical formulas for recalculation of fan
efficiency, when operating at different air temperatures. In this paper, the
common way for obtaining fan performance for different operating conditions
(air temperature changing) is presented. The results, obtained by
recalculation of fan parameters using a law of similarity, are compared to
numerical simulation results of the axial-flow fan operating with different
air temperatures. These results are compared with results obtained by some
recommended empirical formulas, as well. This paperwork is limited to
low-pressure and mid-pressure fans, which represents the majority of all fans
used in practice, for different purposes
GEMAS: Spatial analysis of the Ni distribution on a continental-scale using digital image processing techniques on European agricultural soil data
This study demonstrates the use of digital image processing for the spatial pattern recognition and characterisation of Ni concentrations in topsoil in Europe. Moving average smoothing was applied to the TIN-interpolated grid model to suppress small irregularities. Digital image processing was applied then to the grid. Several NE-SW, E-W and NW-SE oriented features were revealed at the continental scale. The dominant NE-SW linear features follow the Variscan and Alpine orogenies. The highest variability zones are in the Alps and the Balkans where mafic and ultramafic rocks outcrop. A single major E-W oriented north-facing feature runs along the last continental glaciation zone. This zone also coincides with a series of local maxima in Ni concentration along the glaciofluvial deposits. The NW-SE elongated features are located in the Pyrenees, northern Italy, Hellas and Fennoscandia. This study demonstrates the advantages of digital image processing analysis in identifying and characterising spatial geochemical patterns unseen before on conventional colour-surface maps
GEMAS: Cadmium distribution and its sources in agricultural and grazing land soil of Europe - Original data versus clr-transformed data
Over 4000 agricultural and grazing land soil samples were collected for the “Geochemical Mapping of Agricultural and Grazing Land Soil of Europe” (GEMAS) project carried out by the EuroGeoSurveys Geochemistry Expert Group. The samples were collected in 33 European countries, covering 5.6 million km² at a density of 1 sample site per 2500 km². All samples were analysed by ICP-MS following an aqua regia extraction. The European median Cd concentration is 0.182 mg/kg in agricultural soil and 0.197 mg/kg in grazing land soil (including eastern Ukraine). The Cd map demonstrates the existence of two different geochemical background regimes in northern and southern Europe, separated by the southern limit of the Quaternary glaciation. Cadmium shows two times higher background concentrations in the older and more weathered southern European soil than in northern European soil
GEMAS: Cadmium distribution and its sources in agricultural and grazing land soil of Europe â\u80\u94 Original data versus clr-transformed data
Over 4000 agricultural and grazing land soil samples were collected for the â\u80\u9cGeochemical Mapping of Agricultural and Grazing Land Soil of Europeâ\u80\u9d (GEMAS) project carried out by the EuroGeoSurveys Geochemistry Expert Group. The samples were collected in 33 European countries, covering 5.6 million km2at a density of 1 sample site per 2500 km2. All samples were analysed by ICP-MS following an aqua regia extraction. The European median Cd concentration is 0.182 mg/kg in agricultural soil and 0.197 mg/kg in grazing land soil (including eastern Ukraine). The Cd map demonstrates the existence of two different geochemical background regimes in northern and southern Europe, separated by the southern limit of the Quaternary glaciation. Cadmium shows two times higher background concentrations in the older and more weathered southern European soil than in northern European soil. The spatial distribution patterns of Cd in the collected soil samples are mainly governed by geology (parent material and mineralisation), as well as weathering, soil formation and climate since the last glaciation period. Locally, in several areas, the natural anomaly pattern is overprinted by anthropogenic emissions from former mining, ore processing and related metal industries. Some Cd anomalies can be attributed to urbanisation and the use of fertilisers. A comparison of the raw data Cd concentration map with its clr-transformed counterpart and selected single element ratio maps demonstrates that substantial additional information about sources and processes governing the distribution of Cd in agricultural soil at the European scale can be obtained. Results of a PCA, carried out following the classical approach (standardised) versus a PCA based on the statistically acceptable approach, using clr-transformed data, are quite comparable
Identification of the co-existence of low total organic carbon contents and low pH values in agricultural soil in north-central Europe using hot spot analysis based on GEMAS project data
Total organic carbon (TOC)contents in agricultural soil are presently receiving increased attention, not only because of their relationship to soil fertility, but also due to the sequestration of organic carbon in soil to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. In this research, the spatial patterns of TOC and its relationship with pH at the European scale were studied using hot spot analysis based on the agricultural soil results of the Geochemical Mapping of Agricultural Soil (GEMAS)project. The hot and cold spot maps revealed the overall spatial patterns showing a negative correlation between TOC contents and pH values in European agricultural soil. High TOC contents accompanying low pH values in the north-eastern part of Europe (e.g., Fennoscandia), and low TOC with high pH values in the southern part (e.g., Spain, Italy, Balkan countries). A special feature of co-existence of comparatively low TOC contents and low pH values in north-central Europe was also identified on hot and cold spot analysis maps. It has been found that these patterns are strongly related to the high concentration of SiO 2 (quartz)in the coarse-textured glacial sediments in north-central Europe. The hot spot analysis was effective, therefore, in highlighting the spatial patterns of TOC in European agricultural soil and helpful to identify hidden patterns
GEMAS: Cobalt, Cr, Cu and Ni distribution in agricultural and grazing land soil of Europe
In the framework of the GEMAS project, 2211 samples of agricultural soil (Ap, 0–20 cm, regularly ploughed
fields), and 2118 samples fromland under permanent grass cover (Gr, 0–10 cm, grazing land soil)were collected
across almost the whole European continent, at a density of 1 sample site/2500 km2, in accordance with a
common sampling protocol.
Among many other elements, the concentrations of Co, Cr, Cu and Ni in European soil were determined by
ICP-MS after a hot aqua extraction, and WD-XRFS analytical methods, and their spatial distribution patterns
generated by means of a GIS software.
The presence of mafic and ultramafic rocks, ophiolite complexes and mineralisation, is widespread across the
European continent, and seems to explain most of the variability of the elements studied in this paper. A large
belt, north of the last glaciation maximum limit, is generally dominated by lower concentrations compared
with central European and Mediterranean areas and to some areas in Northern Europe where higher Co, Cr, Cu
and Ni values also occur.
The application of the guideline value set for Cu and Ni by the EU Directive 86/278/EEC to the Ap soil samples of
the GEMAS data set highlighted that at the continental scale the use of a unique reference interval is a tool of
limited effectiveness; the lithological variation, occurring across a whole continent, generates changes in the
geochemistry of soil, which cannot be accommodated by using a single reference interval even if it is very
wide. The GEMAS data set should form the sound basis to set at the European scale the geochemical background
reference intervals, at least, for regions sharing common lithological settings and a common geological history
GEMAS: Establishing geochemical background and threshold for 53 chemical elements in European agricultural soil
The GEMAS (geochemical mapping of agricultural soil) project collected 2108 Ap horizon soil samples from regularly ploughed fields in 33 European countries, covering 5.6 million km2. The <2 mm fraction of these samples was analysed for 53 elements by ICP-MS and ICP-AES, following a HNO3/HCl/H2O (modified aqua regia) digestion. Results are used here to establish the geochemical background variation and threshold values, derived statistically from the data set, in order to identify unusually high element concentrations for these elements in the Ap samples. Potentially toxic elements (PTEs), namely Ag, B, As, Ba, Bi, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Sn, U, V and Zn, and emerging ‘high-tech’ critical elements (HTCEs), i.e., lanthanides (e.g., Ce, La), Be, Ga, Ge, In, Li and Tl, are of particular interest. For the latter, neither geochemical background nor threshold at the European scale has been established before. Large differences in the spatial distribution of many elements are observed between northern and southern Europe. It was thus necessary to establish three different sets of geochemical threshold values, one for the whole of Europe, a second for northern and a third for southern Europe. These values were then compared to existing soil guideline values for (eco)toxicological effects of these elements, as defined by various European authorities. The regional sample distribution with concentrations above the threshold values is studied, based on the GEMAS data set, following different methods of determination. Occasionally local contamination sources (e.g., cities, metal smelters, power plants, agriculture) can be identified. No indications could be detected at the continental scale for a significant impact of diffuse contamination on the regional distribution of element concentrations in the European agricultural soil samples. At this European scale, the variation in the natural background concentration of all investigated elements in the agricultural soil samples is much larger than any anthropogenic impact