BREXIT: Preconditions, Consequences, Interests and the Main Vectors of Interstate Relations of Great Britain in the Sphere of Trade

The carried out analysis reflects the essence and course of the Brexit process. In terms of essence, the Great Britain’s exit from the EU should be considered a complex transformational process, which in a real form reproduces the model of structural changes occurring within the framework of a non-balanced open system (dissipative structure). Such a conceptual approach to the interpretation of this process allows us to specify the definition of Brexit as a solution to the intra-system contradiction that has formed within the most complex form of integration, which is the European Union. With the transformation (transformation of the form) and structural changes occurring along this process, a new quality of the basic system together with the separated former elements of this system, which have acquired the status of independent integral system units, is formed. In the future, the dynamics may take the form of either progress or regression. Accordingly, Brexit as a result of the transformation of the economic and political union of European countries is fraught with risks for both sides – as for Great Britain, so for the EU. The economic system of Great Britain is one of the largest and most productive in Europe and the world. Therefore, Brexit has significantly weakened the EU economy, but has not caused a critical deterioration in its condition. Similarly, the Great Britain’s loss of the EU membership, which the country had since 1973, had hindered the possibilities of growth, but did not cause a devastating change in the economy. The situation in the sphere of international trade appears to be similar. For Great Britain, the Brexit transition period has become extremely difficult, as it largely coincided with the protracted period of the COVID-19 pandemic. As a response to the challenges facing the country after Brexit, Great Britain is implementing a model of interstate relations aimed at preserving the partnerships acquired during the period of the EU membership and at the same time forming new ones, being no less effective. Within the limits of this model, the most likely format of equally close economic (including trade) relations «countries of Europe – Great Britain – the USA» will be formed. Trade relations with China remain mutually beneficial for Great Britain, although their context has become significantly politically determined, given the divergence of the interests of the USA and China and the Great Britain’s loss of the role of a conductor of Chinese interests in the EU. Great prospects are opened to Great Britain by the direction of Indo- and Asia-Pacific cooperation, which involves developing relations with countries, the vast majority of which are participants in the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP)

Fundamentals of Investment Security Business Project Development of Entrepreneurial Activities

У статті проаналізовано сутність поняття «інвестиційний проект». Охарактеризованойого як план, замисел, програму дій, конкретне завдання та визначено, що у будь-якомувипадку він орієнтований на майбутні результати. Зазначено, що замовником інвестиційногопроекту є суб’єкт інвестиційної діяльності (фізична особа або юридична), який має фінансовікошти і за вимогою підрядчиків надає поручительство про власну платоспроможність: дер-жава, відомство, міністерство, корпорація, асоціація, об’єднання, підприємство, установачи приватна особа. Поділено джерела фінансування інноваційних проектів на зовнішні, вну-трішні та змішані. Відмічено, що важливе значення для фінансування інвестиційних проєктів,зокрема високотехнологічних, має венчурне фінансування. Інвестиційна діяльність державивиступає певним каталізатором, який сприяє притоку інвестиційних коштів із інших джерел,зокрема, стимулюючи розвиток економіки. Згідно зарубіжного досвіду, фінансування за рахунок бюджетів було ключовим чинником структурних перетворень економіки Китаю, США,Індії, але у економічно розвинених європейських країнах бюджетні кошти залишилися однимиіз найвагоміших важелів структурних змін у економіці.The article analyzes the essence of the concept of "investment project". It is characterized as a plan, a plan, a program of actions, a specific task, and it is determined that in any case it is oriented towards future results. It is noted that the customer of the investment project is the subject of investment activity (individual or legal entity), which has financial means and, at the request of the contractors, provides a guarantee of its own solvency: the state, department, ministry, corporation, association, association,enterprise, institution or a private person. Funding sources for innovative projects are divided into external, internal and mixed. The mixed nature of investment tax credits is based on the fact that, on the one hand, enterprises use their own profits as internal sources of financing, and on the other hand,the amount of tax credits received is an unpaid tax, so it can be considered as a subsidy to enterprises from the budget. It was noted that venture financing is important for financing investment projects,particularly high-tech projects. Venture financing is important for financing investment projects, par-ticularly high-tech projects. About 50 venture funds have been created in Ukraine, but not all of them have the characteristics of classic venture funds. The purpose of creating venture capital funds in the West is to finance risky investment projects using tax advantages. Ukrainians, on the other hand, often use venture financing to finance traditional processes. One of the main problems of domestic venture financing is the lack of opportunities to generate sufficient amounts of financial resources. The state's investment activity acts as a certain catalyst, which promotes the inflow of investment funds from other sources, in particular, stimulating the development of the economy. According to foreign experience,budget financing was a key factor in the structural transformations of the economies of China, the United States, and India, but in economically developed European countries, budget funds remained one of the most important levers of structural changes in the economy