Influence of electrode mass ratio on specific capacitance of supercapacitors with different aqueous electrolytes.

<p>Influence of electrode mass ratio on specific capacitance of supercapacitors with different aqueous electrolytes.</p

Specific surface area (SSA) of electrode materials.

<p>Specific surface area (SSA) of electrode materials.</p

Efficiency of electric double-layer capacitors operating in different electrolytes at the corresponding optimal electrode mass ratio.

<p>a) efficiency for each cycle of a 24-hour measurement and b) development of the efficiency during the first 10 cycles of the same measurements.</p

Theoretical optimal electrode mass ratio emr_th, measured optimal electrode mass ratio emr_m, highest specific capacitance <i>C</i>_sp, and specific capacitance increase <i>C</i>_incr of different aqueous electrolytes.

<p>Theoretical optimal electrode mass ratio emr_th, measured optimal electrode mass ratio emr_m, highest specific capacitance <i>C</i>_sp, and specific capacitance increase <i>C</i>_incr of different aqueous electrolytes.</p

The exfoliation equipment.

<p>a) The hydrodynamic tube shearing device with dispersion barrel and stirrer, b) the dispersion barrel during stirring (to avoid graphite flotation) and, c) a TEM-image of the processed material.</p

Particle size distribution.

<p>Particle size distribution from SEM image analysis.</p

Comparison of electrical resistivity and BET surface area for alternative conducting carbons.

<p><i>ρ</i> is the electrical resistivity, SSA is the specific surface area of the material, CB is carbon black and BG is battery graphite.</p

Structure of the composite surface taken with a field emission scanning electron microscope.

<p>The layered structure of the graphite flakes, the spherical shape of the activated carbon, and the cellulose nanofiber network are shown. a) magnification of 25000 ×; b) and c) magnification of 100000 ×.</p

Galvanostatic cycling profile of an electric double-layer capacitor.

<p>a) the first cycles and b) the last cycles of a typical 24-hour measurement.</p

TEM-imaging.

<p>TEM-images of particles from the process. a) after 5 passes, a typical particle found in the suspension that fits the frame size 20×20 μm. The scale is 5 μm. b) after 10 passes, a typical particle that fits the frame size 2.5×2.5 μm. The scale is 1000 nm.</p