The philosophical significance of binary categories in Habermas’s discourse ethics

The philosophical programme associated with the discourse ethics of Jürgen Habermas has been widely discussed in the literature. The fact that Habermas has devoted a considerable part of his work to the elaboration of this philosophical programme indicates that discourse ethics can be regarded as a cornerstone of his communication-theoretic approach to society. In essence, Habermas conceives of discourse ethics as a philosophical framework which derives the coordinative power of social normativity from the discursive power of communicative rationality. Although there is an extensive literature on Habermas’s communication-theoretic account of society, almost no attention has been paid to the fact that the theoretical framework which undergirds his discourse ethics is based on a number of binary conceptual divisions. It is the purpose of this paper to shed light on the philosophical significance of these binary categories in Habermas’s discourse ethics and thereby demonstrate that their complexity is indicative of the subject’s tension-laden immersion in social reality

Meadian reflections on the existential ambivalence of human selfhood

This paper examines the existential ambivalence of human selfhood by drawing upon George Herbert Mead’s distinction between the ‘I’ and the ‘me’. In order to make a case for the centrality of this conceptual distinction, the paper offers a comprehensive account of a variety of different meanings which the notions of the ‘I’ and the ‘me’ are given in Mead’s analysis of the self. The distinction between the ‘I’ and the ‘me’ has been extensively discussed in the literature, but neither supporters nor detractors of Mead’s symbolic interactionism have provided a detailed study of its multifaceted significance for the constitution of selfhood. The paper seeks to demonstrate that Mead’s analytical separation between the ‘I’ and the ‘me’ allows us to shed light on the multilayered ambivalence of the human self, that is, on the existential significance of various opposing forces which pervade every ordinary subject’s relation to the world

Justification

In the most general sense, the term“justification” refers to the act of providing reasons for the validity, legitimacy, and defensibility of (1) an action, (2) a belief, and/or (3) a social arrangement. Thus, justificatory practices –which may be described as reason-giving acts oriented toward demonstrating that something is right, cogent,and persuasive–emerge in relation to (1) empirical and behavioral, (2) conceptual and ideological, and/or (3) conventional and institutional processes and structures

Between emancipation and domination: Habermasian reflections on the empowerment and disempowerment of the human subject

Habermas’s ‘linguistic turn’ can be regarded as a systematic attempt to locate the normative foundations of critical theory in the rational foundations of language. This endeavour is motivated by the insight that any theoretical framework that is committed to the emancipation of the human condition needs to identify the normative grounds on which both its critique of social domination and its pursuit of social liberation can be justified. Just as Habermas’s firm belief in the possibility of human emancipation manifests itself in the concept of the ‘ideal speech situation’, his radical critique of human domination cannot be separated from the concept of ‘systematically distorted communication’. Although the significance of these two concepts for Habermas’s communication-theoretic approach to the social has been widely recognised and extensively debated in the literature, their overall importance for a critical theory of human empowerment and disempowerment has hardly been explored in a satisfying manner. Drawing upon Habermas’s communication-theoretic conception of human coexistence, this paper makes a case for the view that a comprehensive critical theory of society needs to account for both the emancipatory and the repressive potentials of language if it seeks to do justice to both the empowering and the disempowering potentials of the subject

Epistemological Tensions in Bourdieu's Conception of Social Science

The main purpose of this paper is to explore Pierre Bourdieu’s conception of social science. To this end, the paper sheds light on the main epistemological presuppositions that undergird Bourdieu’s defence of reflexive sociology as a scientific endeavour. The predominant view in the literature is that, in most of his writings,Bourdieu has a tendency to embrace a positivist conception of social science. When examining Bourdieu’s conception of social science in more detail, however, it becomes clear that the assumption that he remains trapped in a positivist paradigm does not do justice to the complexity of his multifaceted account of social science. In order to illustrate the complexity of Bourdieu’s conception of social science, the following analysis scrutinises ten epistemological tensions which can be found in Bourdieu’s writings on the nature of knowledge production. In view of these epistemological tensions, a more fine-grained picture emerges which demonstrates that Bourdieu invites,and indeed compels, us to reflect upon the complexity of the various tension-laden tasks posed by the pursuit of a critical social science

Introduction: preliminary reflections on the legacy of Pierre Bourdieu

Book synopsis: Pierre Bourdieu is widely regarded as one of the most influential sociologists of his generation, and yet the reception of his work in different cultural contexts and academic disciplines has been varied and uneven. This volume maps out the legacy of Pierre Bourdieu in contemporary social and political thought from the standpoint of classical European sociology and from the broader perspective of transatlantic social science. It brings together contributions from prominent scholars in the field, providing a range of perspectives on the continuing relevance of Bourdieu’s oeuvre to substantive problems in social and political analysis

The Seductive Force of ‘Noumenal Power’: A New Path (or Impasse) for Critical Theory?

The main purpose of this paper is to examine Rainer Forst’s account of ‘noumenal power’. Forst’s proposal for a revised ‘critical theory of power’ is firmly embedded in his philosophical understanding of ‘the right to justification’. Whereas the latter has been extensively discussed in the secondary literature, the former has – with the exception of various exchanges that have taken place between Forst and his critics at academic conferences – received little attention. This paper is an attempt to fill this gap in the literature. Given the increasing influence of Forst’s scholarly writings on paradigmatic developments in contemporary critical theory, it is imperative to scrutinize the key assumptions underlying his conception of ‘noumenal power’ and to assess its usefulness for overcoming the shortcomings of alternative explanatory frameworks. In order to accomplish this, the analysis is divided into four parts. The first part provides some introductory definitional reflections on the concept of power. The second part focuses on several dichotomous meanings attached to the concept of power – notably, ‘soft power’ vs. ‘hard power’, ‘power to’ vs. ‘power over’, and ‘power for’ vs. ‘power against’. The third part elucidates the principal features of Forst’s interpretation of ‘noumenal power’, in addition to drawing attention to his typological distinction between ‘power’, ‘rule’, ‘domination’, and ‘violence’. The final part offers an assessment of Forst’s account of ‘noumenal power’, arguing that, although it succeeds in avoiding the drawbacks of rival approaches, it suffers from significant limitations. The paper concludes by giving a synopsis of the vital insights that can be obtained from the preceding inquiry

Boltanski, Luc (1940–)

This article provides a brief introduction to the life and work of Luc Boltanski, who is widely regarded as one of the most influential French sociologists of the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. The article is divided into two main parts. The first part offers a summary of Boltanski's biographical trajectory and academic career. The second part gives a comprehensive overview of Boltanski's major works and intellectual contributions. The concluding section presents a short assessment of Boltanski's overall impact upon the contemporary social sciences, particularly in terms of the international relevance of his writings. The bibliography contains key primary and secondary sources, reflecting not only the prolific development of Boltanski's oeuvre, but also the strong influence his work has had, and continues to have, on cutting-edge forms of social and political analysis

Hair cortisol concentration in cattle and pigs: Investigation of influencing factors and the potential as an indicator of long-term stress

Nutztiere sind aufgrund ihrer Haltungsbedingungen diversen Stressoren ausgesetzt, welche ihre physische und psychische Gesundheit beeinträchtigen können. Im Rahmen von Animal Welfare Monitoring besteht daher ein großes Interesse an der Entwicklung und dem Einsatz minimal-invasiver Methoden und tierbezogener Belastungsindikatoren. Haarcortisol-konzentrationen (HCCs) könnten hierfür ein vielversprechender, retrospektiver Stressindikator sein, da sie die durchschnittlichen systemischen Cortisolkonzentrationen der letzten Wochen bis Monate in nur einer Probe widerspiegeln. Bevor HCCs jedoch als zuverlässiger Indikator eingesetzt werden können, müssen potenzielle Einflussfaktoren darauf ermittelt werden. Das generelle Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist die Untersuchung von Einflussfaktoren auf Haarcortisol und seine Eignung für die Beurteilung von Langzeitstress bei Rindern und Schweinen. Daher zielten die vorliegenden Studien darauf ab, (1) Wissenslücken in der Forschung zu identifizieren, (2) die Wirkung potenzieller Einfluss- und Störfaktoren zu evaluieren und (3) zu untersuchen, ob und wann erhöhte systemische Cortisollevel durch HCCs nachweisbar sind. Alle Haarproben wurde von Holstein-Rindern, Landrasse- und Sattelschweinen bzw. Kreuzungstieren entnommen. Aufgrund der Literaturrecherche (Studie 1) wurden potenzielle Einflussfaktoren identifiziert und in den nachfolgenden Studien untersucht. Für die Evaluierung nicht-stressbedingter Faktoren (Studie 2), wurden insgesamt 614 Tiere verwendet. Hierfür wurden Haarproben in verschiedenen Altersstufen (Neugeborene bis Erwachsene), von beiden Geschlechtern und während der Sommer- und Wintersaison entnommen. Außerdem wurden schwarze und weiße Haarproben, unterschiedliche Körperregionen (Nacken/Schulter, Rücken, Schwanzspitze) und verschiedene Haarsegmente untersucht. Der Einfluss von Kontaminationen auf HCCs wurde in einer in-vitro-Studie (Studie 4) mit Haarproben von 12 Kühen und 12 Sauen evaluiert. Diese Proben wurden für vier Wochen täglich mit Urin, Speichel, Kot oder Wasser behandelt oder blieben unbehandelt. Um die Wirkung von Langzeitstress auf HCCs zu untersuchen (Studie 3), wurde bei 34 Rindern und 38 Jungsauen über vier Wochen jeden zweiten Tag ACTH- oder Kochsalzlösung appliziert. Vor, sowie zu drei Zeitpunkten nach Ende der Behandlung, wurden native und neu gewachsene Haare sowie zusätzlich Haarsegmente entnommen. Alle Haarproben wurden zweimal mit Isopropanol gewaschen, mit einer Kugelmühle gemahlen und Cortisol nach Extraktion mit Methanol mittels ELISA nachgewiesen. Die statistische Auswertung erfolgte mittels SAS/STAT-Software unter Anwendung von ANOVA und paarweisen Vergleichen durch Tukey-Kramer Tests. Die Ergebnisse der Studie 2 zeigen signifikant höhere HCCs bei neugeborenen Kälbern im Vergleich zu Jungrindern, Färsen und Kühen (p < 0,001). Ebenso wiesen 2 Wochen alte Ferkel höhere HCCs auf als Schweine im Alter von 10 oder 27 Wochen oder Sauen (p < 0,001). Das Geschlecht hatte keinen Einfluss auf die HCCs beider Tierarten. Jedoch waren bei beiden Spezies die HCCs in Schwanzhaaren, im Vergleich zu den Schulter-, Nacken- und Rückenhaaren signifikant erhöht (p < 0,001), ebenso in schwarzen Haaren im Vergleich zu weißen Haaren (p < 0,05) und in distalen im Vergleich zu proximalen Haarsegmenten (p < 0,001). Außerdem wiesen Rinder im Winter höhere HCCs als im Sommer auf (p < 0,001). Die Ergebnisse der Studie 4 zeigen, dass die Kontamination mit Urin bei beiden Spezies eine konzentrationsabhängige Zunahme der HCCs bewirkt. Auch die Kontamination mit Speichel und Kot erhöhte die HCCs, jedoch nur bei Rindern (alle p < 0,05). Die Behandlung mit Wasser führte zu einer Auswaschung von Cortisol aus Haaren vom Schwein, jedoch nicht vom Rind. Die Ergebnisse der ACTH-Studie (Studie 3) zeigen signifikant erhöhte HCCs bei ACTH-Tieren zum Ende der Behandlung in nativen Haaren (p < 0,001), nachgewachsenen Haaren (p < 0,01) und in Haarsegmenten (p < 0,05). Die höchsten HCCs wurden innerhalb von vier Wochen nach Behandlungsende gefunden. Bei Schweinen wurde ein Anstieg der HCCs sowohl in ACTH- als auch in Kontrolltieren beobachtet ohne dass Unterschiede zwischen den Behandlungen auftraten. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Cortisolkonzentrationen im Haar bei Schweinen und Rindern durch Alter, Körperregion, Haarfarbe, Haarsegment und Jahreszeit beeinflusst werden. Es gibt erste Belege, dass die Kontamination von Schweine- und Rinderhaaren mit cortisolhaltigen Körperflüssigkeiten, wie Urin und Speichel, die Aufnahme von externem Cortisol in den Haarschaft verursacht. Bei der Verwendung von HCC als Stressindikator sollten daher diese Einflussfaktoren standardisiert und Kontaminationseffekte vermieden werden, z.B. durch die Verwendung von Aufwuchsproben oder nur proximaler Haarsegmente. Darüber hinaus konnte gezeigt werden, dass Langzeitstress durch wiederholte Aktivierung der HPA-Achse zu erhöhten Cortisolkonzentrationen im Haar führt. Bei Rindern zeigt sich dies in den HCCs verschiedener Haarprobentypen. Insgesamt erweist sich die Analyse von Cortisol im Haar als eine geeignete Methode zum Nachweis von Langzeitstress bei Rindern und Schweinen und könnte daher eine wichtige Komponente bei der Beurteilung von Animal Welfare sein.:1 General introduction 2 Review of the literature 2.1 The relevance of stress assessment in animal welfare 2.2 Stress response in mammals 2.2.1 Structure and function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis 2.2.2 Characteristics and effects of cortisol 2.2.3 Conventional biological matrices for cortisol analysis 2.3 Hair as a matrix for cortisol analysis 2.3.1 Hair structure and hair types 2.3.2 Hair growth cycle 2.3.3 Incorporation of cortisol into the hair 2.3.3.1 Passive diffusion 2.3.3.2 Multi-compartment model 2.3.4 Elimination of cortisol from the hair 2.3.5 Specific characteristics and applications of hair cortisol 3 Research focuses and aims 4 Results 4.1 Study 1: Hair cortisol for the assessment of stress (review) 4.2 Study 2: Effects of animal-based, seasonal and hair-specific factors on hair cortisol concentrations 4.3 Study 3: Effects of long-term stress on hair cortisol concentrations 4.4 Study 4: Effects of contamination and elimination on hair cortisol concentrations 5 General discussion 5.1 Influencing factors on hair cortisol concentrations in cattle and pigs 5.1.1 Impact of animal-based, seasonal and hair-specific factors 5.1.2 Impact of contamination and elimination by washout 5.1.3 Implications 5.2 Hair cortisol concentration as an indicator of long-term stress in cattle and pigs 5.2.1 Model for the increased release of systemic cortisol 5.2.2 Models for the time course of cortisol incorporation into the hair shaft 5.2.3 Impact of hair sample type and sampling time 5.2.4 Implications Table of contents 5.3 Future perspectives 5.4 Conclusions 6 Summary 7 Zusammenfassung 8 References 9 DanksagungFarm animals can be exposed to various stressors due to their husbandry conditions, which can impair their health and welfare. Thus, there is interest in the use of minimally invasive methods and animal-based stress indicators as part of welfare assessment. Cortisol in hair is a promising retrospective stress indicator, as a sample reflects systemic cortisol levels of the past weeks or months. Previous studies have shown that long-term stress with elevated cortisol release can be related to increased cortisol incorporation into the hair shaft. However, potential influencing factors that may affect hair cortisol concentrations (HCCs) must be determined before HCC can be applied as a reliable indicator of stress. The general objectives of this thesis are to investigate influencing factors on HCC, and to examine the potential of hair cortisol concentration as an indicator of long-term stress in cattle and pigs. Thus, the present studies aimed to (1) identify knowledge gaps in hair cortisol research, (2) evaluate the impact of animal-based, seasonal and hair-specific factors as well as contamination and elimination on HCC, and (3) investigate whether and when long-term increased systemic cortisol levels are reflected in elevated HCCs. Hairs were sampled from Holstein Friesian cattle, Landrace or Saddleback pigs and crossbreeds. The findings of the literature review (Study 1) identified potential animal-based, seasonal, hair-specific and stress-related factors on HCCs, which our experimental studies considered. To examine the impact of influencing factors (Study 2), a total of 614 animals were used. Hair samples were taken at different ages (newborn to adult), from different sexes and during both summer and winter. Variations by hair-specific factors were determined by studying black and white hair samples, varying body regions (neck/shoulder, back and tail tip) and different hair segments. In general, female animals were used. The effect of contamination on HCCs was examined in an in vitro study (Study 4) using hair samples from 12 cows and 12 sows. Samples were treated daily with urine, saliva, faeces or water for four weeks or remained untreated. To investigate long-term stress (Study 3), 34 cattle and 38 gilts were injected intramuscularly either with ACTH solution or saline every second day for four weeks. Natural and regrown hair samples were taken before and three times after the end of treatment, and hair segments were collected. All the hair samples were shaved with electric clippers, washed twice with isopropanol and ground with a ball mill. Cortisol was detected by ELISA after extraction with methanol. Statistical analyses were performed using ANOVA and pairwise comparisons of the least square means by Tukey-Kramer tests with the MIXED procedure in SAS/STAT software. The results of Study 2 showed significantly higher HCCs in newborn calves than in young cattle, heifers and cows (p < 0.001). Likewise, 2-week-old piglets had higher HCCs than pigs aged 10 or 27 weeks and sows (p < 0.001). Sex had no effect on HCCs in pigs or cattle. In both species, HCCs were also significantly higher in samples obtained from the tail tip than from the shoulder, neck and back regions (p < 0.001), in black hair than in white hair (p < 0.05) and in distal hair than in proximal hair segments (p < 0.001). Season had an impact on HCC only in cattle, which exhibited higher levels in winter than in summer (p < 0.001). The results of Study 4 showed that contamination with urine caused a considerable concentration-dependent increase in HCCs in both species. Contamination with saliva and faeces also raised HCCs, but only in cattle (all p < 0.05). Treatment with water washed cortisol out from porcine hair but not from bovine hair. In cattle, repeated ACTH application (Study 3) revealed significantly higher HCCs after the end of treatment in natural hair (up to eight weeks, p < 0.001), regrown hair (up to four weeks, p < 0.01) and segmental hair (eight weeks, p < 0.05) than in the control animals. The highest HCCs were found four weeks after the end of treatment. In pigs, elevated HCCs were observed in both ACTH and control animals in all hair sample types after the application period, with no differences between treatments. These results show that hair cortisol concentrations in pigs and cattle are affected by age, body region, hair colour, hair segment and season. There is first evidence that contamination of porcine and bovine hair with cortisol-containing body fluids, such as urine and saliva, may cause the incorporation of external cortisol into the hair shaft. Thus, when using HCC as a potential stress indicator, these influencing factors should be standardised and contamination effects should be avoided, such as by using the shave-reshave procedure, clean sampling regions and only the most proximal hair segments. The results also demonstrated that long-term stress by repeated activation of the HPA axis increases hair cortisol concentrations. In cattle, HCCs in different hair sample types reliably reflected the preceding period with increased systemic cortisol levels. In conclusion, the analysis of HCC appears to be a suitable method to evaluate long-term stress in cattle and pigs and can therefore be an important component in the assessment of animal welfare.:1 General introduction 2 Review of the literature 2.1 The relevance of stress assessment in animal welfare 2.2 Stress response in mammals 2.2.1 Structure and function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis 2.2.2 Characteristics and effects of cortisol 2.2.3 Conventional biological matrices for cortisol analysis 2.3 Hair as a matrix for cortisol analysis 2.3.1 Hair structure and hair types 2.3.2 Hair growth cycle 2.3.3 Incorporation of cortisol into the hair 2.3.3.1 Passive diffusion 2.3.3.2 Multi-compartment model 2.3.4 Elimination of cortisol from the hair 2.3.5 Specific characteristics and applications of hair cortisol 3 Research focuses and aims 4 Results 4.1 Study 1: Hair cortisol for the assessment of stress (review) 4.2 Study 2: Effects of animal-based, seasonal and hair-specific factors on hair cortisol concentrations 4.3 Study 3: Effects of long-term stress on hair cortisol concentrations 4.4 Study 4: Effects of contamination and elimination on hair cortisol concentrations 5 General discussion 5.1 Influencing factors on hair cortisol concentrations in cattle and pigs 5.1.1 Impact of animal-based, seasonal and hair-specific factors 5.1.2 Impact of contamination and elimination by washout 5.1.3 Implications 5.2 Hair cortisol concentration as an indicator of long-term stress in cattle and pigs 5.2.1 Model for the increased release of systemic cortisol 5.2.2 Models for the time course of cortisol incorporation into the hair shaft 5.2.3 Impact of hair sample type and sampling time 5.2.4 Implications Table of contents 5.3 Future perspectives 5.4 Conclusions 6 Summary 7 Zusammenfassung 8 References 9 Danksagun