Results concerning the exposome.

<p>Significant groups are indicated with a lower case letter, number of observed compared with expected:</p>a<p>P<0.05;</p>b<p>P<0.001;</p>c<p>P<0.0001.</p><p>Table number refers to tables in Supporting Information.</p><p>The grouping of the variables in the tables are as follows: S2 = the maternal grandparents; S3 = the mother in childhood; S4 = the mother's physical environment; S5 = the mother's biological and medical history prior to pregnancy; S6 = the history of the study pregnancy; S7 = maternal diet and feeding habits; S8 = maternal exposure to noise and social drugs; S9 = maternal social exposure, moods and personality; S10 = antenatal, labour and delivery details mainly abstracted from obstetric records; S11 = the newborn.</p

Comparison of daily nutrient intake of rs53576_GG women compared with those with an A allele – those with P<0.10 listed.

<p>Comparison of daily nutrient intake of rs53576_GG women compared with those with an A allele – those with P<0.10 listed.</p

Relationships^a between GG genotypes on two SNPs in the <i>OXTR</i> gene and personality characteristics of the mother (n = 7723).

a<p>The results shown comprise the (unstandardized) difference between the mean scores of the personality characteristic with the 95% confidence interval.</p

A summary of the relationship between increased DNA methylation in the genes listed (at a single CpG site defined by an Illumina GoldenGate probe), gene expression and indices of body composition.

<p>Brief details of the known gene function and evidence of literature pertinent to body composition and/or DNA methylation for each gene are summarised.</p>¶<p>As defined by GeneCards (<a href="http://www.genecards.org/" target="_blank">http://www.genecards.org/</a>).</p

Overview of study design.

<p>Gene expression analysis was conducted on RNA samples collected at age 11–13 years when children in the Preterm Birth Growth Study (PTBGS) attended clinical assessment which included body composition measurement. Genes highlighted as being differentially expressed in relation to high/low BMI in this study group were then analysed in cord blood DNA samples from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). Methylation levels were then analysed in relation to later body composition assessments carried out at 9 years in this study group.</p

LR asymmetry genes are associated with relative hand skill (meta-analysis of cohorts 1–3).

<p>We've listed the ten lowest gene <i>P</i> values that are also within one of the four enriched phenotypes from <a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1003751#pgen-1003751-t004" target="_blank"><b>Table 4</b></a> in the RD meta-analysis. MAF = minor allele frequency, β = effect size of each copy of the minor allele, in standard deviations.</p

The intronic marker rs7182874 (ancestral allele = C; derived, minor allele = T) within the gene <i>PCSK6</i> on chromosome 15 is associated with relative hand skill in individuals with reading disability.

<p>β = effect size of each copy of the minor allele in standard deviations, S.E. = Standard Error.</p

GWAS study design.

<p>Three cohorts with reading disability and a further general population cohort were genotyped and tested after imputation for association with relative hand skill.</p

Bootstrap analysis of cord blood DNA methylation as a predictor of body composition (BMI, fat mass, lean mass and height) at age 9 years.

<p>The estimate provides the magnitude and direction of effect (%) on phenotype for a 1% increase in DNA methylation at that CpG site.</p

Distribution of methylation-phenotype associations.

<p>Distribution of −log₁₀<i>p</i>-values for bootstrap analysis of BMI and DNA methylation in cord blood DNA according to mean methylation levels at the 44 CpG sites analysed.</p