Response: Where Might We Find Ecologically Intact Communities?

[Extract] In an attempt to identify areas of the world that represent outstanding examples of ecological integrity, Plumptre et al. (2021) concluded that just 2.8% of Earth's terrestrial area could be considered to qualify. This analysis contrasts with other global assessments that show the extent of areas important for ecological integrity to be at least an order of magnitude higher (Newbold et al., 2016; Watson et al., 2016a; Beyer et al., 2020; Grantham et al., 2020; Hansen et al., 2020; Mokany et al., 2020; Riggio et al., 2020; Williams et al., 2020; De Palma et al., 2021). Plumptre et al. (2021) further argue their methodology and findings can inform Key Biodiversity Area (KBA) delineation

Diversification of refugia types needed to secure the future of coral reefs subject to climate change

Identifying locations of refugia from the thermal stresses of climate change for coral reefs and better managing them is one of the key recommendations for climate change adaptation. We review and summarize approximately 30 years of applied research focused on identifying climate refugia to prioritize the conservation actions for coral reefs under rapid climate change. We found that currently proposed climate refugia and the locations predicted to avoid future coral losses are highly reliant on excess heat metrics, such as degree heating weeks. However, many existing alternative environmental, ecological, and life-history variables could be used to identify other types of refugia that lead to the desired diversified portfolio for coral reef conservation. To improve conservation priorities for coral reefs, there is a need to evaluate and validate the predictions of climate refugia with long-term field data on coral abundance, diversity, and functioning. There is also the need to identify and safeguard locations displaying resistance toprolonged exposure to heat waves and the ability to recover quickly after thermal exposure. We recommend using more metrics to identify a portfolio of potential refugia sites for coral reefs that can avoid, resist, and recover from exposure to high ocean temperatures and the consequences of climate change, thereby shifting past efforts focused on avoidance to a diversified risk-spreading portfolio that can be used to improve strategic coral reef conservation in a rapidly warming climate

The International Natural Product Sciences Taskforce (INPST) and the power of Twitter networking exemplified through #INPST hashtag analysis

Background: The development of digital technologies and the evolution of open innovation approaches have enabled the creation of diverse virtual organizations and enterprises coordinating their activities primarily online. The open innovation platform titled "International Natural Product Sciences Taskforce" (INPST) was established in 2018, to bring together in collaborative environment individuals and organizations interested in natural product scientific research, and to empower their interactions by using digital communication tools. Methods: In this work, we present a general overview of INPST activities and showcase the specific use of Twitter as a powerful networking tool that was used to host a one-week "2021 INPST Twitter Networking Event" (spanning from 31st May 2021 to 6th June 2021) based on the application of the Twitter hashtag #INPST. Results and Conclusion: The use of this hashtag during the networking event period was analyzed with Symplur Signals (https://www.symplur.com/), revealing a total of 6,036 tweets, shared by 686 users, which generated a total of 65,004,773 impressions (views of the respective tweets). This networking event's achieved high visibility and participation rate showcases a convincing example of how this social media platform can be used as a highly effective tool to host virtual Twitter-based international biomedical research events

Altitudinal limits of Eastern Himalayan birds are created by competition past and present.

The degree to which interspecific competition structures diverse communities is an oft-debated topic. An approach to answering this question is to examine spatial patterns of coexistence among putatively competing species. The degree to which interspecies competition predominates in a community can have important effects on our ability predict the response of that community to perturbations, most notably climate change, when shifting species' ranges may result in novel species assemblages. We present a study on the avifauna of the Eastern Himalayas. We hypothesize that in a community where competitive interactions predominate, there will be a relationship between pairwise altitudinal overlaps and morphological differences between species. Moreover, we hypothesize that both morphological traits and altitudinal traits depart from a Brownian motion evolution model, resulting in species trait covariances having a phylogenetic component. We find a significant relationship between morphological dissimilarity and altitudinal overlaps of species pairs. We also find that closely related species are significantly more altitudinally stratified than a null model would predict. However, as more distantly related species pairs are included in the analysis, this pattern disappears, indicating that competitive interactions predominate only in closely related species. This is further suggested by the fact that altitudinal ranges themselves are phylogenetically overdispersed at the genus level, as are morphological traits. This effect disappears when the entire phylogeny is examined, with morphology and altitude being phylogenetically underdispersed. Model fitting suggests that individual clades have evolved towards local clade-specific fitness peaks, while within-clade results show evidence of niche partitioning. We interpret these results as a tension between competition on shorter time scales and selection on longer time scales, where competition forces closely-related species away from fitness peaks in order to allow for niche separation and hence coexistence, suggesting that this effect is partially responsible for the recent diversification of Eastern Himalayan avifauna

Recent Advancements in Tablet TECHNOLOGY: the Need of Hour

In this era of innovation and advancement in drug delivery for better clinical effects conventional dosages form have still a strong grip and most popular in all kinds of medicinal preparation intended for oral use. To satisfy the need of growing market tablets dosages form have incorporated automation in manufacturing and some advanced tablet types. Modified release tablet formulations including, layered tablets such as In-lay tablet, Bi-layered tablet, Medicated chewing gum, Tablet tarts, Pastilles, Lollipop, Tablet inserts, Clinicaps, Caplets, Child ecstasy tablet and Tablet in tablet are new entries in pharmaceutical market. This review highlights the current advancements and patents in tablet technology

An Incisive Review On Microspheres AS Drug Delivery System

The objective of any medication conveyance framework is to give a helpful measure of medication to the best possible site in the body and after that keep up the coveted medication focus. An all-around composed controlled medication conveyance framework can defeat some of issues of routine treatment and improve restorative viability of the given medication. There are different methodologies in conveying helpful substance to the objective site in maintained and controlled discharge. One such approach is utilizing microspheres as transporters for drug. Microspheres got much consideration for delayed discharge, as well as for focusing of anticancer medications. In future by consolidating different systems, microspheres will locate the focal spot in novel medication conveyance, especially in unhealthy cell sorting, diagnostics, quality and hereditary materials, safe, focused on and viable in vivo conveyance and supplements as small forms of infected organ and tissues in the body

PAMAM Dendrimers Mediated Solubility Enhancement of Poorly Soluble Drugs: A Concise Review

High solubility, high permeability and good stability are basic prerequisites for achieving the bioavailability and hencetherapeutic effectiveness. Newly developed drugs having poor solubility are rejected or exhibit suboptimal performance.Poor solubility of new chemical entities discovered or already in the market limits their use in formulation development.Poor solubility being a major obstacle in all checkpoints in drug discovery pipeline. Plethora of techniques/methods areused for the improvement of the solubility of poorly water-soluble drugs include micronization, chemical modification, pHadjustment, solid dispersion, complexation, cosolvency, micellar solubilization, hydrotropy etc. Dendrimers a nanocarriershows tremendous Solublization potential. These nonmaterial's have unique property to encapsulate the drug inside as wellas binding on surface by electrostatic interaction. The dendrimers is hypothesized to have the drug in their internal cavitieswhich are shielded by exterior groups. Various researchers have explored the Solublization potential of dendrimers usingpoorly soluble drugs to provide the proof of concept. The results, patents and dendrimers based marketed preparationsrevealed the efficacy of dendrimers for enhancement of solubility

Intrinsic Medicinal Qualities and Current Status of Curcumin: an Incisive Review

Curcumin is polyphenol product collected from the ground rhizomes of Curcuma Longa, which are commonly known as Turmeric. Curcumin has been procured by solevent extraction of turmeric and the purification of the extract by crystallization method. Traditionally turmeric is used as colouring agent in foods and textiles. Colouring principles are present to an intensity of 3-5 percent in turmeric and lesser amount of oils and resins, proteins, sugars may be naturally present in turmeric. Curcumin is an oily pigment and contains volatile oils like tumerone and zingiberone that are practically insoluble at neutral pH and in water at acidic medium. It is freely soluble in alkali. It is stable in acids and at high temperatures, but unstable in presence of light and in alkaline conditions. It has the poor bioavailability. To improve of bioavailability of curcumin various approaches have been over taken. Curcimin has widely used in ancient Indian medicine to ailment anorexia, diabetic wounds, billary disorders and rheumatism and therapeutically significant for its Antiseptic Activity, Cardiovascular Effects, Anticarcinogenic Effects, Hepatoprotective Effects etc. Recent study showed that curcumin has Anticancer Activity

A Review on Herbal Drugs Used for the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus

Traditional Medicines derived from therapeutic plants are utilized by around 60% of the total populace. This review focuses on Herbal medications and plants utilized as a part of the treatment of diabetes, particularly in India. Plants have dependably been a wellspring of medications for people since time immemorial. The Indian customary arrangement of pharmaceutical is packed with the utilization of plants for the administration of diabetic conditions. The World Health Organization (WHO) has recorded 21,000 plants, which are utilized for therapeutic purposes far and wide. Natural meds have been exceedingly regarded source of prescription all through the mankind's history. Various studies have affirmed the advantages of therapeutic plants with hostile to hyperglycemic impacts in the administration of diabetes mellitus. History demonstrated that therapeutic plants have been utilized as a part of customary recuperating far and wide for quite a while to treat diabetes; this is on account of such natural plants have hypoglycemic properties and other gainful properties

Matrix Tablet Dosages Form as Most Fascinating Member of Conventional Drug Delivery Sy Tem-a Review

In the present investigation Matrix tablets serves as a vital instrument for oral controlled dosage forms. Disputes like patient consistence, drug focusing on, neighborhood reactions, successive organization and vacillations in blood fixation levels, connected with their partners, the routine measurements structures were amended. Several of the pharmaceutical dosage form are formulated as controlled release dosage form to delay the release of a therapeutic agent such that its appearance in the systemic course is delayed and its plasma profile is managed in term. Tablets offer the least cost way to deal with controlled sustained release dosage forms. Matrix tablet as controlled discharge has given another leap forward for novel medication conveyance framework in the field of pharmaceutical innovation. This review concentrates on the different sorts of lattice frameworks in light of polymer utilized and porosity of network framework i.e. hydrophilic, hydrophobic, fat wax, permeable, non-permeable, pH sensitive