Relationship between Evapotranspiration and Land Surface Temperature under Energy- and Water-Limited Conditions in Dry and Cold Climates

Remotely sensed land surface temperature- (LST-) dependent evapotranspiration (ET) models and vegetation index- (VI-) LST methods may not be suitable for ET estimation in energy-limited cold areas. In this study, the relationship of ET to LST was simulated using the process-based Simultaneous Heat and Water (SHAW) model for energy- and water-limited conditions in Mongolia, to understand the differences in ET processes under these two limiting conditions in dry and cold climates. Simulation results from the SHAW model along with ground observational data showed that ET and LST have a positive relationship when air temperature (Ta) is less than or equal to the temperature (Ttra) above which plants transpire and have a negative relationship when Ta is greater than Ttra under the energy-limited condition. However, ET and LST maintain a negative relationship with changes in Ta under the water-limited condition. The differences in the relationship between ET and LST under the energy-limited and water-limited conditions could be attributed to plant transpiration and energy storage in moist/watered soil and plants. This study suggests that different strategies should be used to estimate ET under the energy-limited condition in dry and cold climates

A new method to define the VI-Ts diagram using subpixel vegetation and soil information: A case study over a semiarid agricultural region in the north China plain. Sensors

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Diverse Responses of Remotely Sensed Grassland Phenology to Interannual Climate Variability over Frozen Ground Regions in Mongolia

Frozen ground may regulate the phenological shifts of dry and cold grasslands at the southern edge of the Eurasian cryosphere. In this study, an investigation based on the MODIS Collection 5 phenology product and climatic data collected from 2001 to 2009 reveals the diverse responses of grassland phenology to interannual climate variability over various frozen ground regions in Mongolia. Compared with middle and southern typical steppe and desert steppe, the spring (start of season; SOS) and autumn (end of season; EOS) phenological events of northern forest steppe with lower air temperature tend to be earlier and later, respectively. Both the SOS and EOS are less sensitive to climate variability in permafrost regions than in other regions, whereas the SOS of typical steppe is more sensitive to both air temperature and precipitation over sporadic permafrost and seasonal frozen ground regions. Over various frozen ground regions in Mongolia; the SOS is mainly dominated by the prior autumn precipitation, and frozen ground plays a vital role in storing the precipitation of the previous autumn for the subsequent grass green-up. The EOS is mainly dominated by autumn air temperature. These findings could help to improve phenological models of grasslands in extremely dry and cold regions

Tópicos de fonética e fonologia do PE e o seu domínio entre os professores de PLE na China

Um bom domínio da fonética e da fonologia de uma língua estrangeira é fundamental para garantir uma interação bem-sucedida com os outros falantes, evitando-se quer as falhas na comunicação, quer as desvantagens sociais ligadas a uma menor competência nesta área. Este bom domínio exige uma atenção específica dos aprendentes e dos professores ao longo de vários níveis de proficiência da língua, já que muitos desvios fonético-fonológicos se tendem a manter e numerosas dúvidas específicas apenas surgem quando existe já um conhecimento básico do funcionamento sonoro da língua. Tal significa que, para estimular um bom desenvolvimento da fonética e da fonologia, não basta conhecer as regras básicas de transposição de letras em sons (e vice-versa) ou ter uma pronúncia correta; o professor precisa de possuir um conhecimento mais aprofundado sobre a fonética e fonologia da língua em causa. Para estudar a situação dos professores de PLE na China relativamente a este requisito, foi concretizado o projeto de investigação “Conhecimentos de fonética e fonologia para professores de Português como Língua Estrangeira: sistematização e validação”. Nesta comunicação pretende-se apresentar alguns dos resultados desse projeto, mais especificamente: (i) que necessidades de conhecimento foram identificadas; (ii) que soluções se podem propor para essas necessidades. Assim sendo, a presente comunicação incluirá (i) uma introdução ao problema, (ii) a apresentação dos objetivos, (iii) a descrição da metodologia usada para recolher as informações relevantes através de um inquérito, (iv) os resultados desse inquérito, (v) a discussão de tais resultados e (vi) uma proposta de soluções para o problema. Essa proposta inclui uma breve apresentação do livro Fonética e fonologia para o ensino do Português como Língua Estrangeira e a exemplificação de como usá-lo para o esclarecimento de questões em torno da sílaba fonética e gráfica que foram identificadas como problemáticas para os professores de PLE na China.Atas do 5.º Fórum Internacional, realizado na China, de 5-6 de julho de 2019.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Flurbiprofen Axetil Enhances Analgesic Effects of Sufentanil and Attenuates Postoperative Emergence Agitation and Systemic Proinflammation in Patients Undergoing Tangential Excision Surgery

Objective. Our present study tested whether flurbiprofen axetil could reduce perioperative sufentanil consumption and provide postoperative analgesia with decrease in emergency agitation and systemic proinflammatory cytokines release. Methods. Ninety patients undergoing tangential excision surgery were randomly assigned to three groups: (1) preoperative dose of 100 mg flurbiprofen axetil and a postoperative dose of 2 μg/kg sufentanil and 10 mL placebo by patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) pump, (2) preoperative dose of 100 mg flurbiprofen axetil and a postoperative dose of 2 μg/kg sufentanil and 100 mg flurbiprofen axetil by PCA pump, and (3) 10 mL placebo and a postoperative dose of 2 μg/kg sufentanil and 10 mL placebo by PCA pump. Results. Preoperative administration of flurbiprofen axetil decreased postoperative tramadol consumption and the visual analog scale at 4, 6, 12, and 24 h after surgery, which were further decreased by postoperative administration of flurbiprofen axetil. Furthermore, flurbiprofen axetil attenuated emergency agitation score and Ramsay score at 0, 5, and 10 min after extubation and reduced the TNF-α and interleukin- (IL-) 6 levels at 24 and 48 h after the operation. Conclusion. Flurbiprofen axetil enhances analgesic effects of sufentanil and attenuates emergence agitation and systemic proinflammation in patients undergoing tangential excision surgery

Elastin imaging enables noninvasive staging and treatment monitoring of kidney fibrosis

Fibrosis is the common endpoint and currently the best predictor of progression of chronic kidney diseases (CKDs). Despite several drawbacks, biopsies remain the only available means to specifically assess the extent of renal fibrosis. Here, we show that molecular imaging of the extracellular matrix protein elastin allows for noninvasive staging and longitudinal monitoring of renal fibrosis. Elastin was hardly expressed in healthy mouse, rat, and human kidneys, whereas it was highly up-regulated in cortical, medullar, and perivascular regions in progressive CKD. Compared to a clinically relevant control contrast agent, the elastin-specific magnetic resonance imaging agent ESMA specifically detected elastin expression in multiple mouse models of renal fibrosis and also in fibrotic human kidneys. Elastin imaging allowed for repetitive and reproducible assessment of renal fibrosis, and it enabled longitudinal monitoring of therapeutic interventions, accurately capturing anti-fibrotic therapy effects. Last, in a model of reversible renal injury, elastin imaging detected ensuing fibrosis not identifiable via routine assessment of kidney function. Elastin imaging thus has the potential to become a noninvasive, specific imaging method to assess renal fibrosis