Study Of The Tsunami Aftermath And Recovery (STAR): Ketahanan dan Pemulihan di Sumatra Setelah Tsunami

Tsunami di Samudera Hindia pada tahun 2004 telah menghancurkan ribuan komunitas di negara-negara yang berbatasan dengan Samudera Hindia. Kerusakan paling parah terjadi di Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam dan Provinsi Sumatera Utara, di mana diperkirakan 170.000 jiwa tewas dan ratusan kilometer lingkungan di sepanjang garis pantai hancur. Bencana Tsunami ini telah mendorong diberikannya bantuan yang begitu besar baik dari Pemerintah Indonesia, LSM dan donor bagi kedua provinsi ini. Pada tahun 2007, upaya untuk membangun kembali daerah yang terdampak Tsunami di Indonesia tercatat sebagai proyek rekonstruksi yang paling besar yang pernah dilakukan di sebuah negara berkembang. Studi Paska Tsunami dan Pemulihannya (The Study of the Tsunami Aftermath and Recovery) atau STAR merupakan sebuah studi longitudinal yang mengumpulkan informasi dari individu, rumah tangga, komunitas dan fasilitas di Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam dan Provinsi Sumatera Utara. Studi dirancang untuk mengumpulkan data tentang dampak Tsunami Tahun 2004 baik dampak pendek maupun dampak jangka panjang serta berbagai upaya pemulihan yang dilakukan. Untuk mengetahui dampak Tsunami terhadap kehidupan individu, komunitas dan keluarga serta bagaimana respon mereka terhadap bencana tersebut, kami melaksanakan STAR. Pada tahun 2005 kami mulai dengan mengunjungi kembali 32.000 responden, tersebar dalam 487 komunitas yang sebelumnya pada tahun 2004 sudah pernah diwawancarai dalam survei rumah tangga oleh BPS (Survei Pra-Tsunami). Wawancara paska Tsunami kami lakukan setiap tahun selama 5 tahun sesudah terjadinya Tsunami. Sebanyak 98% dari responden BPS tersebut selamat dari bencana Tsunami di mana kami kemudian berhasil mewawancarai 96% dari mereka, untuk setidaknya sekali dari rangkaian wawancara paska Tsunami yang kami lakukan. Data yang dihasilkan dari studi ini memberikan informasi tentang dampak jangka pendek yang dialami oleh masyarakat dan upaya pemulihan di wilayah-wilayah yang paling parah terdampak Tsunami, yang mana kemudian kami bandingkannya dengan kehidupan masyarakat di wilayah yang tidak terdampak atau hanya sedikit terdampak Tsunami. Kami akan melaporkan hasil studi kami berdasarkan data yang dikumpulkan sejak tahun 2004 sampai tahun 2010. Saat ini kami sedang melakukan survei lanjutan 10 tahun setelah Tsunami

Education, Vulnerability, and Resilience After a Natural Disaster

The extent to which education provides protection in the face of a large-scale natural disaster is investigated. Using longitudinal population-representative survey data collected in two provinces on the island of Sumatra, Indonesia, before and after the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, we examine changes in a broad array of indicators of well-being of adults. Focusing on adults who were living, before the tsunami, in areas that were subsequently severely damaged by the tsunami, better educated males were more likely to survive the tsunami, but education is not predictive of survival among females. Education is not associated with levels of post-traumatic stress among survivors 1 year after the tsunami, or with the likelihood of being displaced. Where education does appear to play a role is with respect to coping with the disaster over the longer term. The better educated were far less likely than others to live in a camp or other temporary housing, moving, instead, to private homes, staying with family or friends, or renting a new home. The better educated were more able to minimize dips in spending levels following the tsunami, relative to the cuts made by those with little education. Five years after the tsunami, the better educated were in better psycho-social health than those with less education. In sum, education is associated with higher levels of resilience over the longer term

Iron Deficiency and the Well-being of Older Adults: Early Results From a Randomized Nutrition Intervention

Iron deficiency is widespread throughout the developing world. We provide new evidence on the effect of iron deficiency on economic and social prosperity of older adults drawing on data from a random assignment treatment-control design intervention. The Work and Iron Status Evaluation is an on-going study following over 17,000 individuals in Central Java, Indonesia. Half the respondents receive a treatment of 120 mg of iron every week for a year; the controls receive a placebo. Compliance is monitored carefully. Results from the first six months of the intervention are presented for adults age 30 through 70 years. Males who were iron deficient prior to the intervention and who are assigned to the treatment are better off in terms of physical health, psycho-social health and economic success. These men are more likely to be working, sleep less, lose less work time to illness, are more energetic, more able to conduct physically arduous activities and their psycho-social health is better. There is evidence that economic productivity of these males also increased. Among iron-deficient males assigned to the treatment who were also self-employed prior to the baseline, hourly earnings rose substantially and so they earned more on a monthly basis. Benefits for women are in the same direction but the effects are more muted. The results provide unambiguous evidence in support of the hypothesis that health has a causal effect on economic prosperity of males during middle and older ages

Causal Effect of Health on Labor Market Outcomes: Experimental Evidence

Iron deficiency is widespread throughout the developing world. We provide new evidence on the effect of iron deficiency on economic and social prosperity of older adults drawing on data from a random assignment treatment-control design intervention. The Work and Iron Status Evaluation is an on-going study following over 17,000 individuals in Central Java, Indonesia. Half the respondents receive a treatment of 120 mg of iron every week for a year; the controls receive a placebo. Compliance is monitored carefully. Results from the first six months of the intervention are presented for adults age 30 through 70 years. Males who were iron deficient prior to the intervention and who are assigned to the treatment are better off in terms of physical health, psycho-social health and economic success. These men are more likely to be working, sleep less, lose less work time to illness, are more energetic, more able to conduct physically arduous activities and their psycho-social health is better. There is evidence that economic productivity of these males also increased. Among iron-deficient males assigned to the treatment who were also self-employed prior to the baseline, hourly earnings rose substantially and so they earned more on a monthly basis. Benefits for women are in the same direction but the effects are more muted. The results provide unambiguous evidence in support of the hypothesis that health has a causal effect on economic prosperity of males during middle and older ages

Studying Displacement After a Disaster Using Large-Scale Survey Methods: Sumatra After the 2004 Tsunami

Understanding of human vulnerability to environmental change has advanced in recent years, but measuring vulnerability and interpreting mobility across many sites differentially affected by change remains a significant challenge. Drawing on longitudinal data collected on the same respondents who were living in coastal areas of Indonesia before the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami and were re-interviewed after the tsunami, this paper illustrates how the combination of population-based survey methods, satellite imagery and multivariate statistical analyses has the potential to provide new insights into vulnerability, mobility and impacts of major disasters on population well-being. The data are used to map and analyze vulnerability to post-tsunami displacement across the provinces of Aceh and North Sumatra and to compare patterns of migration after the tsunami between damaged areas and areas not directly affected by the tsunami. The comparison reveals that migration after a disaster is less selective overall than migration in other contexts. Gender and age, for example, are strong predictors of moving from undamaged areas but are not related to displacement in areas experiencing damage. In our analyses traditional predictors of vulnerability do not always operate in expected directions. Low levels of socioeconomic status and education were not predictive of moving after the tsunami, although for those who did move, they were predictive of displacement to a camp rather than a private home. This survey-based approach, though not without difficulties, is broadly applicable to many topics in human-environment research, and potentially opens the door to rigorous testing of new hypotheses in this literature