Analyzing the Effect of Outsourcing by SMEs on Company’s Performance Moderating Role of Risks Associated with Decision of Outsourcing: Evidence from SMEs operating in Karachi

Outsourcing is a strategy which is even treated as a risk free for the conduction of business but the decision might not always ensure desired quality and results. Thus there is significant need of evaluation of outcomes associated with outsourcing decision, especially in Under Developed Countries (UDC) and Least Developed Countries (LDC) where there is significant lacking of research work on this strategy. Thus the aim of this research is to check the results associated with outsourcing in terms of its importance, especially for the most important sector of Pakistan’s economy (SMEs). Thus data has been collected from all those who are working on managerial positions in SMEs operating in Karachi and after detailed statistical testing through AMOS it has been revealed that outsourcing is fruitful for SMEs but results might be different for different types of SMEs  as well as if we analyze small enterprises and medium enterprises on separate basis.. Keywords: Outsourcing, SMEs, Cost, Quality, Firms Performanc

Pure Cross-Docking as Strategy of Distribution for Courier Services: A Quantitative Study on Perceived Benefits Associated with Inventory Cost

Cross-Docking is adopted by many companies not only to decrease cost of operations but also to increase level of customer satisfaction and optimize goodwill. Although implementation of the strategy is much complex specially in uncertain courtiers like Pakistan therefore majority of warehouses are opting this strategy in combination with  limited warehousing in order to avoid the risk of stock out cost. Therefore there is minimal knowledge available regarding the use and benefits of the strategy. Although the strategy has been used across the world and with CPEC implementation Pakistan might also be included in the list of developed economies and companies coming from abroad require this strategy to work properly. Thus there is a need of study to identify benefits associated with the strategy of pure cross-docking but quantifying numerous benefits through single study is quire impossible. There this study focused specifically upon inventory holding cost as the benefit of cross-docking and after analysis it has been determined that the strategy would not bring impact on the inventory holding cost unless it is impaired with proper communication. Keywords: Pure Cross-Docking, Uncertain Countries, Perceived Benefits of Cross-Docking & Inventory Cost DOI: 10.7176/IEL/9-4-02 Publication date:May 31st 201

Analyzing the Impact of Essential Elements of Corporate Governance on the Agency Cost. Does Corporate Governance Itself Plays A Mediating Role: Evidence from the Board of Directors of Higher Education Institutes of Karachi

It has been observed through the literature review of various researches, that there are various variables associated with corporate governance which have creatin Impact on the practices followed by the management in order to optimize the agency cost. As agency cost is the the determinat to judge the performance of the board of directors, hence it is a requirement of research which can evaluate the impact of these factors on the corporate governance as well as on the agency cost incurred in order to control and manage all the actiovties associated with the performance of the director or board of directors. In this research this requirement has been fulfilled by the ehlp of primary data, taken through the data taken by the authentic and recognized instruments used by the reputed researchers in their recent researches, and efter evaluating the data gathered through the questionnaire it has been found that the impact of all the determined independent variables is found to be significant on the corporate governance but the role of corporate governance in optimizing the agency cost is also a point of concenn as all the independent variables are affecting the agency cost through uusing the construct of corporate governance. Keywords: Corporate Governance, Agency Cost, Board of Directors

Direct Franchising as Business Model with Moderating Role of Managerial Skills and Education Level of Franchisee: Evidence from Franchisees of Karachi

Franchising is a model for conducting business since mid 1800’s and now franchising is a prominent part of the economy and a central phenomenon in entrepreneurship. There is sufficient amount of literature available which exemplifies the reasons for operating through franchises rather than own outlets. But there is significant lacking of research which can describe factors responsible for franchisee’s motivation or factors which encourage entrepreneur to prefer franchise over own business or job. In addition to this most of the prior research work is from Western countries and there is minimal amount of research literature available from South Asian Perspective. Thus the purpose of this research is to highlight the importance of various factors which foster an entrepreneur to operate as a franchisee in the context of Pakistan. Therefore this research is immensely important in understanding of factors fostering preference of franchisee. Moreover this research is also beneficial for enhancement of literature and research work related to the topic in the context of Pakistan, Asia and other developing countries of the world. Keywords: Franchise, Business Model, Franchisee, Preference, Entrepreneurs, Developing Countries and Business Failur

Analyzing Prevalent Internal Challenges to China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) through Public Opinion

China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is the project of high priority, importance and having ability change dynamics of entire world. Though there are some obstructions in the way and if authorities don’t treat these effectively then cordial tiers between Pakistan and China might get over. Therefore there is a need of procedures that will end the prevailing negativity in local residents of Pakistan and investors from China. Therefore a contemporary and pervasive study is required to understand issues which are perceived as real barrier to CPEC by the residents of Pakistan. Hence the aim of this study presents a contemporary model of prevailing internal issues perceived important by the residents of Pakistan. Keywords: CPEC, Public Opinion, Challenges & Pak-China Relationship DOI: 10.7176/JESD/10-7-01 Publication date: April 30th 201

Measuring the Impact of China Pakistan Economic Corridor on the Socio-Economic Aspects of Pakistan: A Quantitative Research Highlighting the Public Opinion

China Pakistan Economic Corridor is the project which is treated as the major opportunity for Pakistan and future game changers for its economy. Pakistan as well as China both are depending upon the success of this project and there are several benefits which might be gained through the proper implementation of the project. But other than this there are some rumors that in reality CPEC is the game finisher for Pakistan and this will destroy our culture, ethnicity as well as economy, therefore there is need of proper research which will demonstrate the impact of the project in a real sense. Though CPEC is already completed its initial phases, but as there is lack of authentic Data regarding the impact of this mega project. Hence public opinion regarding this burning issue might be the most important and significant tool to gauge the impact of this Mega Project in order to  highlight the upcoming impact of CPEC on Pakistan’s economical as well as social aspects of Pakistan . Moreovere, there was no research work based on public opinion since the CPEC came near to the compilation of initial part thus there is ample requirement of research in order to explore the impacts through public opinion in order to provide base to policy makers to assess the opinion which is the centre of belive for the residents of Pakistan Keywords: CPEC, Socio-Economic Aspects, Public Opinion, Quantitative Researc

Importance of CPEC in the Light of Public and Private Investment from Pakistan: A Conceptual Paper Based on Archival Data

CPEC is one of the most important projects for the economy of Pakistan &also treated as crown jewels for the entire region. Massive research work has already been done on the areas which project will cover & also on opportunities and threats which project which bring etc. Although there is minimal work on the importance of CPEC on different sectors associated with the economy and there is almost no work on the realized importance of CPEC for the policy makers of Pakistan. Therefore a study is required which can provide framework for the analysis of importance the project really has for policy makers so the stake holders might consider any negative word of mouth regarding the project. Hence the major objective of this study is to drive a framework for the importance of CPEC in the light of public and private investment from Pakistan. For this purpose seventeen years data has been collected from the databank of World Bank to determine the trend of investments from Pakistan to support CPEC. Moreover data from China going global Index has also been used to answer research claims and objective regarding CPEC importance for Pakistan. Analysis highlighted that there is immense importance of FDI from China which has significantly increased after the initiation of CPEC. Keywords: CPEC, Pak-China Relationships, FDI, Investment DOI: 10.7176/JESD/10-11-08 Publication date:June 30th 2019

“Gauging Customers Attitude in against of Brand Extension, A Mediating Role of Customer Innovativeness”: Study of Life-Buoy Pakistan

In recent times Brand Extension is treated as the strategy, which found to more applicable then the launching of new brands. But launching of new products through the existing Brand Name has also some limitations and risks, which company must consider before implementing the strategy of Brand Extension. As mentioned by the literature of existing research work there are various variables like Brand Similarity, Brand Reputation, Multiple Brand Extension and Parent Brand Characteristics which are  treated as predominant, in the category of independent variables, which are creating impact of the Customer Attitudes, towards Brand Extension, and our research model is also based upon these research variables and we have also included a mediating variable, Customer’s Innovativeness in order to develop more clear picture of our research, and t=through the implementing the statistical tools through the use of SPPS it has been clear that most of the independent variables are creating significant impact on the Customer’s Attitude towards the strategy of Brand Extension, especially in association with the mediating variable, Customer’s Innovativeness. Keywords: Brand, Brand Extension, Customer’s Attitud

Pure Cross-Docking as Strategy of Distribution for Courier Services: A Quantitative Study on Perceived Benefits Associated with Inventory Cost

Cross-Docking is adopted by many companies not only to decrease cost of operations but also to increase level of customer satisfaction and optimize goodwill. Although implementation of the strategy is much complex specially in uncertain courtiers like Pakistan therefore majority of warehouses are opting this strategy in combination with  limited warehousing in order to avoid the risk of stock out cost. Therefore there is minimal knowledge available regarding the use and benefits of the strategy. Although the strategy has been used across the world and with CPEC implementation Pakistan might also be included in the list of developed economies and companies coming from abroad require this strategy to work properly. Thus there is a need of study to identify benefits associated with the strategy of pure cross-docking but quantifying numerous benefits through single study is quire impossible. There this study focused specifically upon inventory holding cost as the benefit of cross-docking and after analysis it has been determined that the strategy would not bring impact on the inventory holding cost unless it is impaired with proper communication. Keywords: Pure Cross-Docking, Uncertain Countries, Perceived Benefits of Cross-Docking & Inventory Cost DOI: 10.7176/IEL/9-5-02 Publication date:June 30th 201

Highlighting the Impact of Electronic Marketing Practices (EMP) on the Performance of SME’s Operating in Least Developed Countries: Evidence from the SME’s Operating in Pakistan

Role of SME’s is predominant in each and every country, in fact they are responsible for economic growth of the country as well as in the improvement of social lives. But in Least Developed Countries (LDC) like Pakistan there is no extensive research work in this category except some which are just focusing on the definition of SME’s and highlighting their challenges and issues. But in the developed countries there is a heap of research work on this topic which highlights their performance and factors associated with their performance. Hence through taking the reference of research on the topic conducted in Pakistan as well as abroad we have develop the research model in order to determine the impact of E-Marketing practices of SME’s on their business performance. The model was then translated into the questionnaires and through the collection of responses through 400 respondents working on top level position in well established SME’s across Pakistan, and through the analysis of data collected t through the closed ended questionnaire we have implemented, co relational analysis and second order Confirmatory Factor Analysis we analyzed that E-Marketing is significant in enhancing the performance of SME’s and must be use in a better way to optimize the performance of SME’s. Keywords: SME’s, E-Marketing, LD