Age- and sex- specific all-cause mortality risk greatest in metabolic syndrome combinations with elevated blood pressure from 7 U.S. cohorts

Background The association between metabolic syndrome (MetS) and all-cause mortality is well established but it is unclear if there are differences in mortality risk among the 32 possible MetS combinations. Hence, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the associations between different MetS combinations and its individual components with all-cause mortality, and to examine differences in the association by age and sex. Methods A merged sample of 82,717 adults from 7 U.S. cohorts was used. Results In our sample, MetS was present in 32% of men, 34% of women, 28% of younger adults (18–65 years) and 62% of older adults (>65 years) with 14,989 deaths over 14.6 ± 7.4 years of follow-up. Risk of all-cause mortality was higher in younger individuals with a greater number of MetS factors present, but in older adults having all 5 MetS factors was the only combination significantly associated with mortality. Regardless of age or sex, elevated blood pressure was the MetS factor most consistently present in MetS combinations that were significantly and most strongly associated with mortality. In fact, elevated blood pressure in the absence of other risk factors was significantly associated with mortality in men (HR, 95% CI = 1.56, 1.33–1.84), women (HR = 1.62, 1.44–1.81) and younger adults (HR = 1.61, 1.45–1.79). Conversely, waist circumference, glucose and triglycerides in isolation were not associated with mortality (p>0.05). Conclusion In a large U.S. population, different combinations of MetS components vary substantially in their associations with all-cause mortality. Men, women and younger individuals with MetS combinations including elevated blood pressure had stronger associations with greater mortality risk, with minimal associations between MetS and mortality risk in older adults. Thus, we suggest that future algorithms may wish to consider differential weighting of these common metabolic risk factors, particularly in younger populations.York University Librarie

Associations between Physical Activity and Submaximal Cardiorespiratory and Pulmonary Responses in Men

Background: Habitual physical activity (PA) is associated with higher cardiorespiratory fitness values, but additional information is needed on the contributions of specific types and amounts of PA. Therefore the main aim of this study was to analyze the heart and lung function of a large cohort of men and compare these outcomes with various modes and volumes of PA. Methods: We used data from 30,594 men from the Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study who were categorized into sedentary, swimmer, walker, and runner groups using self-report PA data collected during 1970-2005. Additional PA categories using MET-minutes/week were used to group men into 5 distinct levels of activity (0 MET-min, 1-499 MET-min, 500-599 MET-min, 1000-1499 MET-min, and ≥ 1500 MET-min). Each participant also completed a maximal treadmill exercise test to quantify their fitness level. Cross-sectional analyses included general linear modeling and multiple comparisons adjusted for age, smoking status, and histories of myocardial infarction, stroke, diabetes, and hypertension. Results: A dose-response linear effect was found for heart function variables across PA MET-min categories. Stronger associations for resting heart rate (HR), heart rate recovery (HRR), exercise HR, and exercise blood pressure were found with the runner and swimming groups when compared to the walkers and sedentary groups. Walkers had significantly better heart function than the sedentary group but only about half the effect seen in the swimmers and runners. Lung function findings showed greater absolute values in FVC and FEV1 across PA categories, but found no difference in lung function ratios (e.g. FEV1/FVC%). Conclusions: We found beneficial linear associations with resting HR, exercise HR, HRR, fitness values, FVC, and FEV1 over increasing MET-min categories. This implies that habitual PA, such as walking, but especially swimming and running, when performed with adequate volume, are viable ways to gain benefits for heart health

Swimming and All-Cause Mortality Risk Compared With Running, Walking, and Sedentary Habits in Men

Swimming, water jogging, and aqua aerobics are lifetime physical activities that provide many health benefits comparable to those of walking and running. Research on the association between swimming and mortality is scarce, however. To evaluate the association between different types of physical activity and all-cause mortality, we studied 40,547 men age 20-90 years who completed a health examination during 1971 – 2003. Cox proportional-hazards regression was used to estimate the relative risks according to physical activity exposure categories. A total of 3,386 deaths occurred during 543,330 man-years of observation. After adjustment for age, body-mass index, smoking status, alcohol intake, and family history of cardiovascular disease, swimmers had 53%, 50%, and 49% lower all-cause mortality risks than did men who were sedentary, walkers, or runners, respectively (p \u3c 0.05 for each). Additional adjustment for baseline prevalent diseases did not change the inverse association between different activities and all-cause mortality. In conclusion, swimmers have lower mortality rates in comparison with those who were sedentary, walkers, and runners

Comparison of the Health Aspects of Swimming With Other Types of Physical Activity and Sedentary Lifestyle Habits

Swimming, water jogging, and aqua aerobics may provide health benefits to the general population as well as patients with chronic diseases. Research on the health benefits of aquatic exercise in comparison with activities such as running and walking is scarce, however. The goal of this study was to evaluate characteristics of participants in the Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study and to compare health habits and physiological characteristics among swimmers, runners, walkers, and sedentary women and men in order to evaluate the health benefits of swimming compared to other types of physical activity. Participants were 10,518 women and 35,185 men ages 20-88 years who completed a health examination during 1970 and 2005. Differences in the distribution of selected characteristics between swimmers and those participating in other types of activities (sedentary, runners, or walkers) were tested using logistics regression for proportion and ANOVA for continuous variables. The principal findings of this report are that swimming, as well as walking and running, has health benefits compared with a sedentary lifestyle

Cardiorespiratory fitness and incident use of anxiolytics and antidepressants in adults. A linkage study between HUNT and the Norwegian Prescription Database

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Mortality trends in the general population: the importance of cardiorespiratory fitness

Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is not only an objective measure of habitual physical activity, but also a useful diagnostic and prognostic health indicator for patients in clinical settings. Although compelling evidence has shown that CRF is a strong and independent predictor of all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality, the importance of CRF is often overlooked from a clinical perspective compared with other risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, smoking, or obesity. Several prospective studies indicate that CRF is at least as important as the traditional risk factors, and is often more strongly associated with mortality. In addition, previous studies report that CRF appears to attenuate the increased risk of death associated with obesity. Most individuals can improve their CRF through regular physical activity. Several biological mechanisms suggest that CRF improves insulin sensitivity, blood lipid profile, body composition, inflammation, and blood pressure. Based on the evidence, health professionals should encourage their patients to improve CRF through regular physical activity

Differential Age-Related Declines in Cardiorespiratory Fitness Between People With and Without Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Objective To assess the extent to which the established age-related decline in cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is augmented in adult men with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Participants and Methods This study used data from the Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study, conducted between September 18, 1974, and August 3, 2006, in primarily non-Hispanic white, middle-to-upper class adults. The analyses were restricted to adult men with complete data on age, CRF, and T2DM (35,307 participants). Quantile regression models were used to estimate age-related differences in CRF, estimated using a maximal treadmill test, between persons with and without T2DM. Smoking status and birth cohort served as covariates. Results Age-related declines in CRF were observed in men with and without T2DM. For men younger than 60 years, at low-mid percentiles of the CRF distribution the magnitude of the age-related decline in CRF was significantly higher (P-values=.00, .02) in men with T2DM than in those without T2DM. At upper percentiles, the decline with age between the 2 groups was virtually identical. Significant declines in CRF in men 45 years or younger were observed only at high levels of CRF for those without T2DM and at low levels of CRF for those with T2DM (P-values .00, .04). Conclusion This study reported that men younger than 60 years with T2DM at the low-mid CRF percentiles experience an accelerated age-related decline in CRF. Men younger than 60 years with T2DM exhibiting high levels of CRF experienced a decline in CRF comparable to men without T2DM. This study highlights the importance of incorporating sufficient levels of exercise or activity to maintain high CRF in men with T2DM

Intelligent optimization for bending moment in uniaxial fatigue loading test of wind turbine blades

Wind turbine mainly relies on blades to capture wind energy and complete energy conversion. Wind turbine blade is one of the key components of wind turbine. In the full scale load test of wind turbine blade, the moment matching is the key part of the test and the premise of wind turbine blade certification. In order to solve the matching problem of the bending moment and the arrangement of counterweight in the fatigue loading test, an improved intelligent optimization algorithm was proposed to achieve the purpose of moment matching. The relationship between the excitation frequency of the rotating mass and the natural frequency of the blade was determined through the identification of the modal test parameters, and the calculation model of the section bending moment was constructed. Based on the optimization algorithm, the joint optimization of moment distribution and amplitude control was carried out with the mean square error as the fitness function. The correctness and feasibility of the balance weight optimization scheme for moment matching in uniaxial fatigue test were verified through the blade test

Combined Impact of Lifestyle Factors on Cancer Mortality in Men

PURPOSE - The impact of lifestyle factors on cancer mortality in the U.S. population has not been thoroughly explored. We examined the combined effects of cardiorespiratory fitness, never smoking, and normal waist girth on total cancer mortality in men. METHODS - We followed a total of 24,731 men ages 20-82 years who participated in the Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study. A low-risk profile was defined as never smoking, moderate or high fitness, and normal waist girth, and they were further categorized as having 0, 1, 2, or 3 combined low-risk factors. RESULTS - During an average of 14.5 years of follow-up, there were a total of 384 cancer deaths. After adjustment for age, examination year, and multiple risk factors, men who were physically fit, never smoked, and had a normal waist girth had a 62% lower risk of total cancer mortality (95% confidence interval [CI], 45%-73%) compared with men with zero low-risk factors. Men with all 3 low-risk factors had a 12-year (95% CI: 8.6-14.6) longer life expectancy compared with men with 0 low-risk factors. Approximately 37% (95% CI, 17%-52%) of total cancer deaths might have been avoided if the men had maintained all three low-risk factors. CONCLUSIONS - Being physically fit, never smoking, and maintaining a normal waist girth is associated with lower risk of total cancer mortality in men

New insights into the impact of polystyrene micro/nanoplastics on the nutritional quality of marine jacopever (Sebastes schlegelii)

Microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) are ubiquitous in the marine environments due to the wide use and mismanagement of plastics. However, the effect of MPs/NPs on the nutrition quality of economic species is poorly understood, and their underlying mechanisms remained unclear. We therefore investigated the impacts of polystyrene MPs/NPs on the nutrition composition of marine jacopever Sebastes schlegelii from the perspective of assimilation and metabolism. Results showed that NPs reduced more nutrition quality than MPs. Despite no notable impact on intestinal microbiota function, MPs/NPs influenced the assimilation of fish through intestinal damage. Furthermore, NPs induced greater damage to hepatocyte metabolism than MPs, caused by hepatocyte uptake through membrane protein pumps/channels and clathrin/caveolin-mediated endocytosis for NPs, while through phagocytosis/pinocytosis for MPs. NPs triggered more cell apoptosis signals in Ferroptosis and FoxO signaling pathways than MPs, destroying mitochondria structure. Compared with MP treatments, a significant upregulation of genes (PRODH and SLC25A25A) associated with the electron transfer chain of mitochondria was detected in the NP treatments, influencing the tricarboxylic acid cycle and interfering with liver metabolism of proteins, fatty acid, glycerol phospholipids, and carbohydrates. This work provides new insights into the potential impacts of MPs/NPs on the quality and safety of seafood.publishedVersio