The Hadza and the Iraqw in northern Tanzania: Dermatographical, Anthropological, Odontometrical and Osteological Approaches

The dermatoglyphics, physical measurements, tooth size and dental arch measurements of 4 populations of Mangola are analized and the racial affinities of earlier inhabitants are discussed based on the human remains excavated from Gishimangeda cave and Sechikuencho cairns. The Iraqw, Datoga and the Hadza were investigated as representing the Hamitic, Nilotic and the Khoisan speaking people. The Iraqw and Datoga bear a close resemblance in physical features to the other members of the Hamitic or Caucasians as well as the Bantu speakers, while the Datoga are closer to the Bantu than the Iraqw do. On the other hand, the Hadza are quite different from the Iraqw and Datoga, and approach mostly to the North Bushmen and fairly resemble the neighbouring Bantu tribes. The Gishimangeda and Sechikuencho skeletal series can be dated to probably the 13th or 14th century and 18th or 19th century respectively. They are in most essencials hybrid population between the Mediterraneans and the Negroes, but are closer to the latter. The living Mangola peoples with such mixed physical traits are the Iraqw or Datoga among 4 populations examined by us. The occupant of Mangola during several centuries ago, therefore, can be suggested as the Nilotic or the Hamitic peoples, probably the former. The Hadza has not been attached linguistically and physically to any definite people. There are no trace of early Khoisanoid in this region

硫黄で増殖したAcidthiobacillus caldus GO-1株による還元型硫黄化合物の酸化機構

The oxidation of reduced sulfur compounds was studied by using resting cells of sulfur-grown Acidithiobacillus caldus strain GO-1. The optimum pHs for the oxidation of thiosulfate, tetrathionate, sulfur, sulfite and sulfide were 2, 3, 3-6, 7 and 7, respectively. The highest oxidation rate was observed with sulfite. The oxidation rates of the reduced sulfur compounds were measured in the absence or presence of inhibitors and uncouplers. 2, 4-dinitrophenol (DNP) and carbonyl cyanide-m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) strongly inhibited the oxidations of sulfur and sulfite. N-Ethylmaleimide (NEM) strongly inhibited the oxidation of tetrathionate and sulfur. 2-heptyl-4-hydroxy-quinoline-N-oxide(HQNO) inhibited the oxidation of sulfur and sulfite. The results suggested that tetrathionate was oxidized in the periplasmic space, and sulfur and sulfite were oxidized in the cytoplasm. Pyridine ferrohemochromes prepared from the membrane of strain GO-1 cell revealed the involvement of cytochromes b and c. Ubiquinol oxidase activity was detected in strain GO-1 cell, but cytochrome c oxidase measured by using mammalian cytochrome c as an electron donor was not detected in the cell. On the basis of the results a model for the metabolism of the reduced sulfur compounds by At. caldus strain GO-1 was proposed.硫黄で増殖したAcidithiobacilluscaldusGO-1株の休止菌体を用いて，還元型硫黄化合物の酸化機構を検討した．GO-１株は，チオ硫酸，テトラチオン酸，元素硫黄，亜硫酸及び硫化物の酸化活性を持っており，その最適pHは，それぞれ２，３，３-６，７及び７であった．これらの酸化活性の中で，亜硫酸の酸化速度が最も高かった．阻害剤やアンカップラーを用いて，還元型硫黄化合物の酸化への影響を調べた結果，DNPとCCCPによる元素硫黄及び亜硫酸酸化活性の強い阻害，NEMによるテトラチオン酸及び硫黄酸化活性の強い阻害，およびHQNOによる元素硫黄及び亜硫酸酸化活性の阻害が観察された．これらの結果は，テトラチオン酸がペリプラズマで，硫黄及び亜流酸が細胞質で，それぞれ酸化されることを示唆した．細胞膜からピリジンフェロヘモクロームを調製して，シトクロームの構成成分を検討した結果，ヘムb及びcが検出された．また，末端酸化酵素の活性を検討した結果，ユビキノール酸化酵素の活性は検出されたが，哺乳類のシトクロームを用いて測定したシトクロームc酸化酵素の活性は検出されなかった．これらの結果に基づいて，At.caldusGO-１株の還元型硫黄化合物の酸化機構を考察した

Hubungan Kuantitatif Struktur Aktivitas Secara In Silico Senyawa 1-Benzil-3-benzoilurea dan Analognya Sebagai Antikanker Melalui Hambatan Reseptor ALK

Latar belakang: Reseptor ALK merupakan salah satu reseptor tirosin kinase untuk pembelahan sel, diferensiasi, dan antiapoptosis. Apabila ALK bermutasi, akan menyebabkan neuroblastoma, ALCL, IMT, NSCLC. Untuk menghentikan aktivitasnya maka diperlukan senyawa yang berperan sebagai penghambat reseptor ALK. Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan hubungan kuantitatif struktur aktivitas (HKSA) senyawa 1-benzil-3-benzoilurea dan analognya (4-Cl; 3-Cl; 2-Cl; 3,4-Cl; 2,4-Cl; 4-CH3Cl; 3-CH3Cl; 2-CH3Cl; 4-CH3; 4-C2H5; 3-C2H5; 2-C2H5; 4-C3H7; 4-C4H9; 4-F; 4-CF3; 3-CF3; 2-CF3;4-Br; 4-CH3Br, 4-NO2;4-OCH3) sebagai antikanker melalui hambatan reseptor ALK. Metode: HKSA didapatkan secara in silico. Struktur 2D dan 3D dibuat dengan software ChemBioDraw Ultra 12.0 dan ChemBio3D Ultra 12.0. Struktur 2D digunakan untuk mencari data sifat fisikokimia (lipofilik, elektronik, sterik), F (bioavailabilitas) dan LD50 (toksisitas) dengan ACD I-Lab. Struktur 3D digunakan untuk docking dengan reseptor ALK (2WKM) menggunakan Molegro Virtual Docker (MVD) untuk mendapatkan rerank score (aktivitas). Data-data dari ACD/Ilab dan MVD diolah dengan IBM® SPSS® Statistic 20. Hasil penelitian: Persamaan terbaik hubungan struktur dan bioavailabilitas (F>70% = 1,548 ClogP + 0,198 ClogP2 + 0,125 pKa – 0,168 CMR + 3,502), aktivitas (Rerank score = 3,029 Estaft – 3,630 pKa + 3,143 ClogP2 - 26,767 ClogP - 9,911), toksisitas LD50 (mouse) (LD50 mouse = -7,422 Mw – 117,197 pKa + 260,565 π + 4342,379) dan toksisitas LD50 (rat) (LD50 rat = 691,028 CMR – 21,453 Etot – 430,187 π – 4775,208). Kesimpulan: Didapatkan hubungan yang non linier antara struktur dan bioavailabilitas serta struktur dan aktivitas, sementara hubungan struktur dan toksisitas bersifat linier. Persamaan-persamaan ini dapat digunakan sebagai dasar untuk pengembangan lebih lanjut senyawa calon obat antikanker dengan titik berat pertimbangan parameter lipofili