Chemical composition and antioxidant activities of essential oil of <i>Hedychium greenii</i> and <i>Hedychium gracile</i> from India

<p>The chemical constituents of the essential oils hydrodistilled from rhizome parts of <i>Hedychium greenii</i> W.W. Sm. and <i>Hedychium gracile</i> Roxb, of family Zingiberaceae, growing in India, were analysed for the first time by GC-FID and GC-MS, respectively. A total of 30 and 29 components representing 99.62 and 96.74% of the total oil were identified in the essential oils of <i>H. greenii</i> and <i>H. gracile</i>, respectively. The major components of <i>H. greenii</i> were bornyl acetate (31.32%), <i>α</i>-pinene (14.49%), camphene (12.81%) and limonene (10.55%), whereas <i>H. gracile</i> was dominated by <i>β</i>-pinene (25.24%), <i>γ</i>-terpinene (24.62%), terpinen-4-ol (14.87%) and 1,8-cineole (7.51%). Essential oils were assessed for antioxidant potential using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging assay. <i>H. greenii</i> oil exhibited stronger antioxidant potential as compared to <i>H. gracile</i> oil and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). Thus, <i>H. greenii</i> rhizome oil has the potential to be used as an alternative source of antioxidant.</p

Characterization of Kewda volatile components by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry

<p>Kewda (<i>Pandanus fascicularis</i> Lam.) is a well known medicinal and aromatic plant. The paper aims to precisely characterize volatile constituents present in Kewda flower oil using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to time of flight mass spectrometry (GCxGC-TOFMS). A total of 159 components were identified due to enhanced chromatographic separation and mass spectral deconvolution of GCxGC-TOFMS. On the basis of its chemical structure, the identified compounds were grouped into hydrocarbons, alcohols, ethers, ketones, esters, nitrogen compounds, aldehydes, acids, lactones, halides and sulfur containing compounds. Ethers were the major components. The predominant compounds identified by GCxGC-TOFMS were kewda ether, <i>ortho</i>-cymene and terpinen-4-ol. A database containing retention indices of compounds was created for the bi-dimensional column, thus proving to be a remarkable step for analysis of constituents using a GCxGC system. GCxGC-TOFMS separated a number of co-eluting components which were unresolved on a single GC column.</p

Nuclear and Chloroplast DNA Variation Provides Insights into Population Structure and Multiple Origin of Native Aromatic Rices of Odisha, India

<div><p>A large number of short grain aromatic rice suited to the agro-climatic conditions and local preferences are grown in niche areas of different parts of India and their diversity is evolved over centuries as a result of selection by traditional farmers. Systematic characterization of these specialty rices has not been attempted. An effort was made to characterize 126 aromatic short grain rice landraces, collected from 19 different districts in the State of Odisha, from eastern India. High level of variation for grain quality and agronomic traits among these aromatic rices was observed and genotypes having desirable phenotypic traits like erect flag leaf, thick culm, compact and dense panicles, short plant stature, early duration, superior yield and grain quality traits were identified. A total of 24 SSR markers corresponding to the hyper variable regions of rice chromosomes were used to understand the genetic diversity and to establish the genetic relationship among the aromatic short grain rice landraces at nuclear genome level. SSR analysis of 126 genotypes from Odisha and 10 genotypes from other states revealed 110 alleles with an average of 4.583 and the Nei’s genetic diversity value (<i>He</i>) was in the range of 0.034–0.880 revealing two sub-populations SP 1 (membership percentage-27.1%) and SP 2 (72.9%). At the organelle genomic level for the C/A repeats in PS1D sequence of chloroplasts, eight different plastid sub types and 33 haplotypes were detected. The <i>japonica</i> (Nipponbare) subtype (6C7A) was detected in 100 genotypes followed by <i>O</i>. <i>rufipogon</i> (KF428978) subtype (6C6A) in 13 genotypes while <i>indica</i> (93–11) sub type (8C8A) was seen in 14 genotypes. The tree constructed based on haplotypes suggests that short grain aromatic landraces might have independent origin of these plastid subtypes. Notably a wide range of diversity was observed among these landraces cultivated in different parts confined to the State of Odisha.</p></div

Distribution of duration and amylose content in short grain aromatic rice genotypes collected from 19 districts.

<p>Note: Numbers in the x-axis represent 19 different districts [Anugul (1), Balasore (2), Bolangir (3), Cuttack (4), Deogarh (5), Dhenkanal (6), Ganjam (7), Jajpur (8), Kalahandi (9), Kendrapara (10), Kenojhar (11), Koraput (12), Malkangiri (13), Mayurbhanj (14), Nayagarh (15), Kandhamal (16), Puri (17), Sambalpur (18) and Sundargarh (19)].</p

Genetic diversity parameters calculated on SSR data.

<p>Genetic diversity parameters calculated on SSR data.</p

Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of essential oil from leaves and rhizomes of <i>Curcuma angustifolia</i> Roxb

<p>The essential oil extracted from rhizome and leaf of <i>Curcuma angustifolia</i> Roxb. (Zingiberaceae) was characterised by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of 32 and 35 identified constituents, comprising 92.6% and 92% of total leaf and rhizome oil, respectively. Curzerenone (33.2%), 14-hydroxy-<i>δ</i>-cadinene (18.6%) and <i>γ</i>-eudesmol acetate (7.3%) were the main components in leaf oil. In rhizome oil, curzerenone (72.6%), camphor (3.3%) and germacrone (3.3%) were found to be the major constituents<i>.</i> Antioxidant capacities of oil were assessed by various methods, 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2, 2-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and reducing power ability (RPA). Based on the results, the leaf oil showed more antioxidant potential as compared to rhizome oil and reference standards (ascorbic acid and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT)). Thus, the leaf essential oil of <i>C. angustifolia</i> can be used as an alternative source of natural antioxidant.</p

Analysis of molecular variance of short grain aromatic rices based on SSR marker data (district wise).

<p>Analysis of molecular variance of short grain aromatic rices based on SSR marker data (district wise).</p

Sampling sites in nineteen districts of Odisha (India) and information on population structure

<p>Sampling sites in nineteen districts of Odisha (India) and information on population structure</p

Unrooted neighbour-joining tree showing genetic relationship of short aromatic grain rices (based on SSR marker data) among 19 geographical districts.

<p>Unrooted neighbour-joining tree showing genetic relationship of short aromatic grain rices (based on SSR marker data) among 19 geographical districts.</p

Genetic relationships and population structure of short grain aromatic rices.

<p>A: NJ dendrogram; B: Principal Co-ordinate analysis; C: Population Structure.</p