Patološki učinci klorpirifosa i toksina T-2 u tovnih pilića

Forty-eight, newly hatched, unsexed broiler chicks were fed diets containing 45 ppm chlorpyriphos, an organophosphorus compound and 0.5 ppm T-2, a mycotoxin, singly and in combination for 28 days from day of hatch to study of pathological effects. Gross, pale, enlarged liver, distended gall bladder and streaks of haemorrhages in the thigh muscles were observed in the chlorpyriphos group, while the chlorpyriphos+T-2 group showed pale and enlarged liver. Histopathological changes observed in the toxin-fed birds during 14th and 28th days of the trial were as follows: liver revealed periportal fibrosis, mononuclear cell infiltration, necrosis of hepatocytes and bile duct hyperplasia in all the toxin-fed birds. Kidney showed tubular epithelial degeneration and necrosis in chlorpyriphos and chlorpyriphos+T-2-fed birds. Hearts of all toxin treated birds showed vacuolar degeneration of myocytes. The chlorpyriphos+T-2-fed birds showed necrosis of oral mucosa with infiltration of heterophils predominantly, along with mononuclear cells. Crop mucosa showed epithelial hyperplasia and keratinisation in all treatment groups. Proventriculus showed hyperplasia of epithelial cells, glandular necrosis and infiltration of mononuclear cells in chlorpyriphos and chlorpyriphos+T-2 groups. The T-2 group showed epithelial necrosis, crypt elongation, diphtheritic membrane formation and mononuclear cell infiltration in lamina propria. Gizzard showed glandular interstitial fibrosis, infiltration of heterophils and mononuclear cells in chlorpyriphos, while T-2 groups and chlorpyriphos+T-2 groups showed interstitial glandular fibrosis and hyperplastic reaction. Intestine showed fusion of villi, necrosis, goblet cell hyperplasia and infiltration of mononuclear cells in lamina propria in all toxin-fed birds. Mononuclear cell infiltration, reduced zymogen granules and vacuolar degeneration in chlorpyriphos and chlorpyriphos+T-2 fed birds; mononuclear cell infiltration in T-2 fed birds was observed in pancreas. The chlorpyriphos group alone showed mononuclear cell infiltration in the meninges of brain. The study indicated the pathological effects of these toxins, either alone or in combination, in various organs of broiler chicken at low dose levels.Istraživani su patološki učinci organofosfornog spoja klorpirifosa i mikotoksina T-2 na 48 netom izvaljenih tovnih pilića kojima nije određivan spol. Oba spoja davana su u hrani u tijeku 28 dana svaki zasebno i u kombinaciji. Klorpirifos je davan u količini od 45 ppm, a mikotoksin u količini od 0,5 ppm. Patoanatomski ustanovljena je blijeda i povećana jetra, prošireni žučni mjehur i prugasta krvarenja na bedrenom mišićju u skupini koja je dobivala klorpirifos, dok je u skupini koja je dobivala klorpirifos u kombinaciji s mikotoksinom ustanovljena blijeda i povećana jetra. Patohistološke promjene ustanovljene 14. i 28. dana u skupini pilića koji su dobivali toksin očitovale su se periportalnom fibrozom, infiltracijom mononuklearnih stanica, nekrozom hepatocita i hiperplazijom žučovoda. U pilića koji su dobivali klorpirifos i klorpirifos u kombinaciji s toksinom T-2 ustanovljena je tubularna epitelna degeneracija i nekroza bubrega. U svih pilića obrađivanih toksinom dokazana je vakuolarna degeneracija miocita. Nekroza oralne sluznice s infiltracijom heterofila i mononulearnim stanicama dokazana je u pilića koji su dobivali klorpirifos i toksin. Sluznica voljke pokazivala je epitelnu hiperplaziju i keratinizaciju u svih obrađivanih skupina. Na predželucu je dokazana hiperplazija epitelnih stanica, glandularna nekroza i infiltracija mononuklearnih stanica u skupinama koje su dobivale klorpirifos i klopirifos zajedno s T-2. U skupini kojoj je davan T-2 ustanovljena je epitelna nekroza, produljenje kripti, difteroidne naslage i mononuklearna stanična infiltracija u lamini propriji. U želucu je dokazana glandularna intersticijska fibroza, infiltracija hererofila i mononuklearnih stanica u skupinama koje su dobivale zasebno klorpirifos i T-2, dok je u skupini koja je istodobno dobivala klorpirifos i T-2 dokazana intersticijska glandularna fibroza i hiperplastične reakcije. Ustanovljeno je spajanje resica, nekroza, djelomična hiperplazija I infiltracija mononuklearnih stanica u lamini propriji crijeva u svih pilića koji su dobivali toksin. Mononuklearna stanična infiltracija, smanjena zimogena zrnca i vakuolarna degeneracija dokazane su u skupini koja je dobivala samo klorpirifos jednako kao i u skupini koja je dobivala istodobno klopirifos i T-2. Mononuklearna stanična infiltracija dokazana je u gušterači pilića koji su dobivali T-2. Infiltracija mononuklearnih stanica dokazana je u moždanim opnama pilića koji su dobivali samo klorpirifos. Istraživanje je pokazalo da se patološki učinci toksina davanih zasebno ili u kombinaciji u vrlo malim dozama očituju na različitim organima tovnih pilića

Certain Investigation of Fake News Detection from Facebook and Twitter Using Artificial Intelligence Approach

The news platform has moved from traditional newspapers to online communities in the technologically advanced area of Artificial Intelligence. Because Twitter and Facebook allow us to consume news much faster and with less restricted editing, false information continues to spread at an impressive rate and volume. Online Fake News Detection is a promising feld in research and captivates the attention of researchers. The sprawl of huge chunks of misinformation in social network platforms is vulnerable to global risk. This article recommends using a Machine Learning optimization technique for automated news article classification on Facebook and Twitter. The emergence of the research is facilitated by the strategic implementation of Natural Language Processing for social forum fake news findings in order to distort news reports from non-recurrent outlets. The relent from the study is outstanding with text document frequency words, which act as extraction technique�s attribute, and the classifier is acted upon by Hybrid Support Vector Machine by achieving 91.23% accuracy

Task-Based Estimation and Planning for Application Development Projects and Resources: Models, Methods and Applications

This dissertation takes a new approach to software development effort estimation from the perspective of design patterns at an organization. A new estimating tool is developed to provide bottom up estimates based on the design patterns of the organization. The research also offers guidelines for extracting the unique design patterns specific to an organization that are used to obtain baseline task level estimates in the Estimating Tool. In addition, the tool provides a suite of seven estimates using predictive analytics to estimate the labor hours required for a project using historical data, a bottom-up estimate that is rooted in the design patterns of the organization, a recommended estimate, plus four other estimates that are based on the function point count. The four estimates include a predictive model to estimate the project cost based on the function point count and three estimates are variants of the early design Construction Cost Model II (COCOMO II). Direct benefits of the tool include reduction of process variability thereby resulting in consistency of estimates across teams in an organization. In Agile IT Project Management, there is an important need to better plan project timelines and to make better scheduling and resource allocation decisions to facilitate on-time and on-budget project deliveries. This research thus also addresses the prescriptive aspect of the application, by making better resource allocation decisions via a new mixed-integer linear programing (MILP) optimization model. The model provides data-driven decision-support for companies looking to make a transition from the waterfall to the agile paradigm with a structured approach to focus on skills development at the organization. A real-world application of the use of the new Estimating Tool and the proposed models at a large firm is showcased as part of the research. A comprehensive sensitivity analysis was conducted as part of a set of computational experiments to obtain managerial insights

Cathode material in the electrosynthesis of p-aminophenol from nitrobenzene-voltammetric approach

Voltammetric studies of nitrobenzene reduction on Cu, glassy carbon (GC) and Pb electrodes were carried out with a view to ascertaLi the choice of cathode material for p-aminophenol synthesis. Lead was found to give irreproducible responses due to some electrochemical mixed potential processes. However, on Cu and GC electrodes, the electroreduction was found to stop at the four electron stage in the first peak potential region which indeed is the condition required for phenylhydroxylamine formation. This conclusion was drawn based on voltammetric peak current calculations as well as the comparative voltammetric studies of nitrobenzene and p- nitrophenol which is known to follow a 6 electron path. Comparing the voltammetric curves on Cu and GC for nitrobenzene in alcoholic Hz SO4 medium, it is noticed that the hydrogen evolution process starts at much more positive potentials on Cu as compared to GC. Since further reduction of phenyl hydroxylamine to the aniline along with Hz evolution would also occur on Cu, it is concluded that carbon electrode would be a better choice for p-aminophenol synthesi

Voltammetric behaviour of nitrosodimethyl amine on lead electrode in the absence and in presence of unsymmetrical dimethyl hydrazine

The voltammetric behaviour of nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) on lead electrode in 1.OM H2SO4 indicates that it is reduced in a 48 stel, to unsymmetrical dimethyl hydnine (UDMH) as in the case of eatii polerographii works on Hg electrodes. Hdwver the electron transfer rate is much slower on Pb electrode and the first electron-transfer step is the rate determining step. Thim is in contrast to the beheviiur on Hg where the charge transfer is totally reversible. At higher NDMA concentrations some inhibiting adsorption effects are also noticed. Addition of UDMH to 1 .OM H1S04 results in substantial positive shift of the hydrogen evolution potential. In presence of UDMH (3 500 mM) the hydrogen evolution process takes plece at the potential where nitrosodimethylamine itself is reduced. This parallel compedth hydmgen evolution process explains the sudden drop in current efficiency in the preparative scale for the electroreduction of NDMA

Plant Isoquinoline Alkaloid Berberine Exhibits Chromatin Remodeling by Modulation of Histone Deacetylase To Induce Growth Arrest and Apoptosis in the A549 Cell Line

Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are a group of epigenetic enzymes that control gene expression through their repressive influence on histone deacetylation transcription. HDACs are probable therapeutic targets for cancer treatment, spurring the progress of different types of HDAC inhibitors. Further, natural-source-based derived bioactive compounds possess HDAC inhibitor property. In this way, we hypothesized that plant isoquinoline alkaloid berberine (BBR) could be a HDAC inhibitor in the human lung cancer A549 cell line. BBR represses total HDAC and also class I, II, and IV HDAC activity through hyperacetylation of histones. Furthermore, BBR triggers positive regulation of the sub-G₀/G₁ cell cycle progression phase in A549 cells. Moreover, BBR-induced A549 cell growth arrest and morphological changes were confirmed using different fluorescence-dye-based microscope techniques. Additionally, BBR downregulates oncogenes (TNF-α, COX-2, MMP-2, and MMP-9) and upregulates tumor suppressor genes (p21 and p53) mRNA and protein expressions. Besides, BBR actively regulates Bcl-2/Bax family proteins and also triggered the caspase cascade apoptotic pathway in A549 cells. Our finding suggests that BBR mediates epigenetic reprogramming by HDAC inhibition, which may be the key mechanism for its antineoplastic activity

Outcomes after perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with proximal femoral fractures: an international cohort study

Objectives Studies have demonstrated high rates of mortality in people with proximal femoral fracture and SARS-CoV-2, but there is limited published data on the factors that influence mortality for clinicians to make informed treatment decisions. This study aims to report the 30-day mortality associated with perioperative infection of patients undergoing surgery for proximal femoral fractures and to examine the factors that influence mortality in a multivariate analysis. Setting Prospective, international, multicentre, observational cohort study. Participants Patients undergoing any operation for a proximal femoral fracture from 1 February to 30 April 2020 and with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection (either 7 days prior or 30-day postoperative). Primary outcome 30-day mortality. Multivariate modelling was performed to identify factors associated with 30-day mortality. Results This study reports included 1063 patients from 174 hospitals in 19 countries. Overall 30-day mortality was 29.4% (313/1063). In an adjusted model, 30-day mortality was associated with male gender (OR 2.29, 95% CI 1.68 to 3.13, p80 years (OR 1.60, 95% CI 1.1 to 2.31, p=0.013), preoperative diagnosis of dementia (OR 1.57, 95% CI 1.15 to 2.16, p=0.005), kidney disease (OR 1.73, 95% CI 1.18 to 2.55, p=0.005) and congestive heart failure (OR 1.62, 95% CI 1.06 to 2.48, p=0.025). Mortality at 30 days was lower in patients with a preoperative diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 (OR 0.6, 95% CI 0.6 (0.42 to 0.85), p=0.004). There was no difference in mortality in patients with an increase to delay in surgery (p=0.220) or type of anaesthetic given (p=0.787). Conclusions Patients undergoing surgery for a proximal femoral fracture with a perioperative infection of SARS-CoV-2 have a high rate of mortality. This study would support the need for providing these patients with individualised medical and anaesthetic care, including medical optimisation before theatre. Careful preoperative counselling is needed for those with a proximal femoral fracture and SARS-CoV-2, especially those in the highest risk groups. Trial registration number NCT0432364