The definition of "Insider" in section 3 of the securities markets Act 1988: A review and comparison with other jurisdictions

Statutory definitions of what constitutes an “insider” for the purposes of insider trading laws may be based on either a “person connection” approach or an “information connection” approach. The “person connection” approach defines “insider” by reference to the relationship of the person to the public issuer of securities, while the “information connection” approach considers anyone who has material price-sensitive information about the issuer to be an insider, regardless of his or her relationship to the issuer. In common with Japan, Hong Kong and China, New Zealand’s insider trading law — the Securities Markets Act 1988 — uses a person connection approach in its definition of “insider”. Other jurisdictions, however, including both the United Kingdom and Australia, have, to varying degrees, recently amended their definitions to reflect the information connection approach. The United States, although the first country to address the issue of insider trading, lacks a statutory definition of “insider” and instead relies on generally applicable laws against securities fraud. It has developed a definition with elements of both approaches. This paper reviews the definitions in use in the United States and in other countries (including New Zealand) which have been influenced by the American experience. It concludes that the narrow, relationship-based approach does not capture some conduct that may be damaging to the integrity of the securities market. A definition based on the information connection approach (perhaps combined with elements of the person connection approach) may therefore be preferable to New Zealand’s current definition

Life cycle assessment of Libyan crude oil

Petroleum products such as petrol and diesel are fossil fuels and have a high environmental impact. There is a demand to minimize these impacts especially in the upstream and midstream oil operations, i.e. exploration, production and refining processes, due to current and upcoming environmental regulations/policies and increased environmental consumer awareness. Thus, integration of the tools, methods and techniques for sustainability into products is becoming essential to comply with environmental regulations. The Libyan petroleum industry appears to be very slow in approaching modern concepts of approaches of sustainability including Life Cycle Assessment and studies. Therefore, this paper presents a novel environmental Life Cycle assessment of Libyan petroleum refining processes conducted with the support of Life Cycle Assessment methods and related tools including Software SimaPro. The refining processes from the Azzawya Oil refinery, are analyzed and used in the assessment and the data for the assessments was collected through fieldwork conducted in Feb 2013 in both El-Sharara oil field (Repsol Oil Company) and Azzawya Oil refinery in Libya. The results show that the first significant environmental impacts are associated with fossil fuels and the second major impacts are the respiratory inorganic impacts

Parity-Violating Electron Scattering as a Probe of Supersymmetry

We compute the one-loop supersymmetric (SUSY) contributions to the weak charges of the electron ($Q_W^e$) and proton ($Q_W^p$) using the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM). These $q^2=0$ vector couplings of the $Z^0$-boson to fermions will be determined in two fixed-target, parity-violating electron scattering experiments. The SUSY loop contributions to $Q_W^p$ and $Q_W^e$ can be substantial, leading to several percent corrections to the Standard Model values for these quantities. We show that the relative signs of the SUSY loop effects on $Q_W^e$ and $Q_W^p$ are correlated and positive over nearly all of the MSSM parameter space, whereas inclusion of R-parity nonconserving interactions can lead to opposite sign relative shifts in the weak charges. Thus, a comparison of $Q_W^p$ and $Q_W^e$ measurements could help distinguish between different SUSY scenarios.Comment: 4 pages, 2 figure

Probing Supersymmetry with Neutral Current Scattering Experiments

We compute the supersymmetric contributions to the weak charges of the electron and proton in the framework of Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model. We also consider the ratio of neutral current to charged current cross sections, R_nu and R_nubar at nu (nubar)-nucleus deep inelastic scattering, and compare the supersymmetric corrections with the deviations of these quantities from the Standard Model predictions implied by the recent NuTeV measurement.Comment: 4 pages, contribution to the proceedings of CIPANP 2003 (May, 2003), New York Cit

Fulde-Ferrel-Larkin-Ovchinnikov Inhomogeneous Superconducting State and Phase Transitions Induced by Spin Accumulation in a Ferromagnet-dx2−y2 d_{x^{2}-y^{2}}-Wave Superconductor-Ferromagnet Tunnel Junction

Fulde-Ferrel-Larkin-Ovchinnikov (FFLO) inhomogeneous superconducting (SC) state, first- and second-order phase transitions, and quantum criticality induced by spin accumulation in a ferromagnet-$d_{x^{2}-y^{2}}$-wave superconductor-ferromagnet tunnel junction are theoretically predicted. A complex phase diagram in the temperature-bias voltage plane is determined. It is found that the phase transitions from the homogeneous BCS state to the inhomogeneous FFLO state, and from the FFLO state with the momentum $\mathbf{q}$'s azimuthal angle $\theta_{\mathbf{q}}=0$ to that with $\theta_{\mathbf{q}}=\pi /4$, are of the first-order; while the transitions from all SC states to the normal state at critical voltages are of the second-order. A Lifshitz point, a bicritical point and a quantum critical point are identified.Comment: 5 pages, 5 figure

Analytical Results for Cold Asymmetrical Fermion Superfluids at the Mean-Field Level

We present the analytical results at the mean-field level for the asymmetrical fermion system with attractive contact interaction at the zero temperature. The results can be expressed in terms of linear combinations of the elliptic integrals of the first and second kinds. In the limit of small gap parameter, we discuss how the asymmetry in fermion species affects the phases of the ground state. In the limit of large gap parameter, we show that two candidate phases are competing for the system's ground state. The Sarma phase containing a pure Fermi fluid and a mixed condensate is favored at large degree of asymmetry. The separated phase consisting of a pure Fermi fluid and a boson condensate supports the system at smaller degree of asymmetry. The two phases are degenerate in the limit of infinite pairing gap.Comment: 23 pages, no figur

Non-volatile resistive switching in dielectric superconductor YBCO

We report on the reversible, nonvolatile and polarity dependent resistive switching between superconductor and insulator states at the interfaces of a Au/YBa$_2$Cu$_3$O$_{7-\delta}$ (YBCO)/Au system. We show that the superconducting state of YBCO in regions near the electrodes can be reversibly removed and restored. The possible origin of the switching effect may be the migration of oxygen or metallic ions along the grain boundaries that control the intergrain superconducting coupling. Four-wire bulk resistance measurements reveal that the migration is not restricted to interfaces and produce significant bulk effects.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figures, corresponding author: C. Acha ([email protected]

Chromospheric evaporation flows and density changes deduced from Hinode/EIS during an M1.6 flare

We analyzed high-cadence sit-and-stare observations acquired with the Hinode/EIS spectrometer and HXR measurements acquired with RHESSI during an M-class flare. During the flare impulsive phase, we observe no significant flows in the cooler Fe XIII line but strong upflows, up to 80-150 km/s, in the hotter Fe XVI line. The largest Doppler shifts observed in the Fe XVI line were co-temporal with the sharp intensity peak. The electron density obtained from a Fe XIII line pair ratio exhibited fast increase (within two minutes) from the pre-flare level of 5.01x10^(9) cm^(-3) to 3.16x10^(10) cm^(-3) during the flare peak. The nonthermal energy flux density deposited from the coronal acceleration site to the lower atmospheric layers during the flare peak was found to be 1.34x10^(10) erg/s/cm^(2) for a low-energy cut-off that was estimated to be 16 keV. During the decline flare phase, we found a secondary intensity and density peak of lower amplitude that was preceded by upflows of 15 km/s that were detected in both lines. The flare was also accompanied by a filament eruption that was partly captured by the EIS observations. We derived Doppler velocities of 250-300 km/s for the upflowing filament material.The spectroscopic results for the flare peak are consistent with the scenario of explosive chromospheric evaporation, although a comparatively low value of the nonthermal energy flux density was determined for this phase of the flare. This outcome is discussed in the context of recent hydrodynamic simulations. It provides observational evidence that the response of the atmospheric plasma strongly depends on the properties of the electron beams responsible for the heating, in particular the steepness of the energy distribution.Comment: 13 pages, 11 figures, accepted for publication in Astronomy and Astrophysic

PENERAPAN PEMBELAJARAN KOOPERATIF THINK PAIR SHARE UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KEAKTIFAN DAN MOTIVASI BELAJAR BIOLOGI SISWA KELAS VII MTs NEGERI JATINOM KLATEN TAHUN PELAJARAN 2010/2011

Kualitas pendidikan sangat ditentukan oleh metode atau cara yang digunakan pendidik dalam proses belajar mengajar. Hasil observasi yang dilakukan pada pembelajaran di Kelas VII MTs N Jatinom Klaten menunjukan bahwa kegiatan belajar mengajar masih terpusat pada guru. Dengan kondisi pembelajaran yang berpusat pada guru membuat siswa kurang termotivasi untuk belajar dikelas. Metode pembelajaran alternatif yang dapat digunakan adalah metode pembelajaran kooperatif. Tujuan dalam penelitian ini adalah untuk meningkatkan keaktifan dan motivasi belajar siswa Kelas VII MTs N Jatinom Klaten tahun pelajaran 2010/2011 dengan penerapan metode pembelajaran kooperatif Think- Pair-Share. Hipotesis dalam penelitian ini adalah: penerapan metode pembelajaran kooperatif Think -pair-Share dapat meningkatkan keaktifan dan motivasi belajar siswa. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif dengan desain penelitian tindakan kelas. Penelitian dilakukan di MTs N Jatinom Klaten tahun pelajaran 2010/2011. Subjek penelitian yaitu siswa Kelas VII MTs N Jatinom Klaten tahun pelajaran 2010/2011, sedangkan objek penelitian adalah keaktifan dan motivasi belajar siswa pada materi penyesuaian diri hewan dan tumbuhan dengan lingkungan serta penerapan metode pembelajaran kooperatif Think -Pair-Share dalam pembelajaran. Data berasal dari hasil penilaian dari instrumen yang diberikan. Teknik pengumpulan data melalui observasi, quesioner/angket, dan dokumentasi. Dari hasil penelitian diketahui bahwa: (1) Penerapan pembelajaran metode Think-Pair-Share dapat meningkatkan keaktifan belajar siswa Kelas VII MTs N Jatinom Klaten. Peningkatan keaktifan belajar siswa belajar dapat dilihat dari kenaikan rata-rata prosentase angket maupun observasi keaktifan siswa. Angket keaktifan siswa siklus I sebesar 69 %, siklus II sebesar 73%, dan siklus III sebesar 76% sedangkan observasi keaktifan siswa siklus I sebesar 67,85 %, siklus II sebesar 75,54 %, dan siklus III sebesar 78,84% ; dan (2) Penerapan pembelajaran metode Think-Pair-Share dapat meningkatkan motivasi belajar siswa Kelas VII MTs N Jatinom Klaten. Peningkatan motivasi belajar dapat dilihat dari kenaikan rata-rata prosentase angket mot ivasi belajar siswa (siklus I sebesar 68%, dan siklus II sebesar 76% sedangkan siklus III sebesar 77%