165 research outputs found
Phase behavior of a system of particles with core collapse
The pressure-temperature phase diagram of a one-component system, with
particles interacting through a spherically symmetric pair potential in two
dimensions is studied. The interaction consists of a hard core plus an
additional repulsion at low energies. It is shown that at zero temperature,
instead of the expected isostructural transition due to core collapse occurring
when increasing pressure, the system passes through a series of ground states
that are not triangular lattices. In particular, and depending on parameters,
structures with squares, chains, hexagons and even quasicrystalline ground
states are found. At finite temperatures the solid-fluid coexistence line
presents a zone with negative slope (which implies melting with decreasing in
volume) and the fluid phase has a temperature of maximum density, similar to
that in water.Comment: 11 pages, 15 figures included. To appear in PRE. Some figures in low
quality format. Better ones available upon request from [email protected]
Intellectual Property and Public Health – A White Paper
On October 26, 2012, the University of Akron School of Law’s Center for Intellectual Property and Technology hosted its Sixth Annual IP Scholars Forum. In attendance were thirteen legal scholars with expertise and an interest in IP and public health who met to discuss problems and potential solutions at the intersection of these fields. This report summarizes this discussion by describing the problems raised, areas of agreement and disagreement between the participants, suggestions and solutions made by participants and the subsequent evaluations of these suggestions and solutions. Led by the moderator, participants at the Forum focused generally on three broad questions. First, are there alternatives to either the patent system or specific patent doctrines that can provide or help provide sufficient incentives for health-related innovation? Second, is health information being used proprietarily and if so, is this type of protection appropriate? Third, does IP conflict with other non-IP values that are important in health and how does or can IP law help resolve these conflicts? This report addresses each of these questions in turn
Phase Transitions Driven by Vortices in 2D Superfluids and Superconductors: From Kosterlitz-Thouless to 1st Order
The Landau-Ginzburg-Wilson hamiltonian is studied for different values of the
parameter which multiplies the quartic term (it turns out that this
is equivalent to consider different values of the coherence length in
units of the lattice spacing ). It is observed that amplitude fluctuations
can change dramatically the nature of the phase transition: for small values of
(), instead of the smooth Kosterlitz-Thouless transition
there is a {\em first order} transition with a discontinuous jump in the vortex
density and a larger non-universal drop in the helicity modulus. In
particular, for sufficiently small (), the density of
bound pairs of vortex-antivortex below is so low that, drops to zero
almost for all temperature .Comment: 8 pages, 5 .eps figure
Spin glass behavior of frustrated 2-D Penrose lattice in the classical planar model
Via extensive Monte Carlo studies we show that the frustrated XY Hamiltonian
on a 2-D Penrose lattice admits of a spin glass phase at low temperature.
Studies of the Edwards-Anderson order parameter, spin glass susceptibility, and
local (linear) susceptibility point unequivocally to a paramagnetic to spin
glass transition as the temperature is lowered. Specific heat shows a rounded
peak at a temperature above the spin glass transition temperature, as is
commonly observed in spin glasses. Our results strongly suggest that the
critical point exponents are the same as obtained by Bhatt and Young in the
Ising model on a square lattice. However, unlike in the latter case,
the critical temperature is clearly finite (nonzero). The results imply that a
quasiperiodic 2-D array of superconducting grains in a suitably chosen
transverse magnetic field should behave as a superconducting glass at low
temperature.Comment: RevTex, 4 pages Including 4 figures. To appear in the June 1 1996
issue of Phys. Rev. B (Rapid Communications). Revised/replaced edition
contains an erratum at the end of the paper, also to appear in Phys. Rev.
Two-dimensional XY spin/gauge glasses on periodic and quasiperiodic lattices
Via Monte Carlo studies of the frustrated XY or classical planar model we
demonstrate the possibility of a finite (nonzero) temperature spin/gauge glass
phase in two dimensions. Examples of both periodic and quasiperiodic two
dimensional lattices, where a high temperature paramagnetic phase changes to a
spin/gauge glass phase with the lowering of temperature, are presented. The
existence of the spin/gauge glass phase is substantiated by our study of the
temperature dependence of the Edwards-Anderson order parameter, spin glass
susceptibility, linear susceptibility and the specific heat. Finite size
scaling analysis of spin glass susceptibility and order parameter yields a
nonzero critical temperature and exponents that are in close agreement with
those obtained by Bhatt and Young in their random Ising model study
on a square lattice. These results suggest that certain periodic and
quasiperiodic two-dimensional arrays of superconducting grains in suitably
chosen transverse magnetic fields should behave as superconducting glasses at
low temperatures.Comment: RevTex, 25 pages. 11 epsf figures available upon request
([email protected] or [email protected]). Submitted
to Phys. Rev.
Exchange Frequencies in the 2d Wigner crystal
Using Path Integral Monte Carlo we have calculated exchange frequencies as
electrons undergo ring exchanges in a ``clean'' 2d Wigner crystal as a function
of density. The results show agreement with WKB calculations at very low
density, but show a more rapid increase with density near melting. Remarkably,
the exchange Hamiltonian closely resembles the measured exchanges in 2d He.
Using the resulting multi-spin exchange model we find the spin Hamiltonian for
r_s \leq 175 \pm 10 is a frustrated antiferromagnetic; its likely ground state
is a spin liquid. For lower density the ground state will be ferromagnetic
Prediction of Emerging Technologies Based on Analysis of the U.S. Patent Citation Network
The network of patents connected by citations is an evolving graph, which
provides a representation of the innovation process. A patent citing another
implies that the cited patent reflects a piece of previously existing knowledge
that the citing patent builds upon. A methodology presented here (i) identifies
actual clusters of patents: i.e. technological branches, and (ii) gives
predictions about the temporal changes of the structure of the clusters. A
predictor, called the {citation vector}, is defined for characterizing
technological development to show how a patent cited by other patents belongs
to various industrial fields. The clustering technique adopted is able to
detect the new emerging recombinations, and predicts emerging new technology
clusters. The predictive ability of our new method is illustrated on the
example of USPTO subcategory 11, Agriculture, Food, Textiles. A cluster of
patents is determined based on citation data up to 1991, which shows
significant overlap of the class 442 formed at the beginning of 1997. These new
tools of predictive analytics could support policy decision making processes in
science and technology, and help formulate recommendations for action
Melting of Hard Cubes
The melting transition of a system of hard cubes is studied numerically both
in the case of freely rotating cubes and when there is a fixed orientation of
the particles (parallel cubes). It is shown that freelly rotating cubes melt
through a first-order transition, whereas parallel cubes have a continuous
transition in which positional order is lost but bond-orientational order
remains finite. This is interpreted in terms of a defect-mediated theory of
meltingComment: 5 pages, 3 figures included. To appear in Phys. Rev.
Enhanced stability of the square lattice of a classical bilayer Wigner crystal
The stability and melting transition of a single layer and a bilayer crystal
consisting of charged particles interacting through a Coulomb or a screened
Coulomb potential is studied using the Monte-Carlo technique. A new melting
criterion is formulated which we show to be universal for bilayer as well as
for single layer crystals in the case of (screened) Coulomb, Lennard--Jones and
1/r^{12} repulsive inter-particle interactions. The melting temperature for the
five different lattice structures of the bilayer Wigner crystal is obtained,
and a phase diagram is constructed as a function of the interlayer distance. We
found the surprising result that the square lattice has a substantial larger
melting temperature as compared to the other lattice structures. This is a
consequence of the specific topology of the defects which are created with
increasing temperature and which have a larger energy as compared to the
defects in e.g. a hexagonal lattice.Comment: Accepted for publication in Physical Review
Topological Defects and Interactions in Nematic Emulsions
Inverse nematic emulsions in which surfactant-coated water droplets are
dispersed in a nematic host fluid have distinctive properties that set them
apart from dispersions of two isotropic fluids or of nematic droplets in an
isotropic fluid. We present a comprehensive theoretical study of the
distortions produced in the nematic host by the dispersed droplets and of
solvent mediated dipolar interactions between droplets that lead to their
experimentally observed chaining. A single droplet in a nematic host acts like
a macroscopic hedgehog defect. Global boundary conditions force the nucleation
of compensating topological defects in the nematic host. Using variational
techniques, we show that in the lowest energy configuration, a single water
droplet draws a single hedgehog out of the nematic host to form a tightly bound
dipole. Configurations in which the water droplet is encircled by a
disclination ring have higher energy. The droplet-dipole induces distortions in
the nematic host that lead to an effective dipole-dipole interaction between
droplets and hence to chaining.Comment: 17 double column pages prepared by RevTex, 15 eps figures included in
text, 2 gif figures for Fig. 1
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