Group versus individual supervision of university students: a qualitative study

Background: Studies investigating strengths and limitations of group and individual supervision of university students are sparse. The aims of the present study were to investigate advantages and disadvantages of group and individual supervision, and to identify specific situations under which these two forms of supervision are particularly suitable. Method: A qualitative study comparing a combined group/individual supervision model with a complete group supervision model among third-year Bachelor psychology students. Results: Group and individual supervision contribute differently to the supervision process. Group supervision is preferred in the beginning of the supervision process when close ties between the group members are yet to be established and there is a process-oriented focus in the actual supervision. Individual supervision is more profitable at the end of the supervision course when content-focused supervision is needed. Discussion: Each supervisory model contributes differently to supervision. Based on the data from present study, a combined group/ individual supervision model is recommended

Happiness around the world: A combined etic-emic approach across 63 countries.

What does it mean to be happy? The vast majority of cross-cultural studies on happiness have employed a Western-origin, or "WEIRD" measure of happiness that conceptualizes it as a self-centered (or "independent"), high-arousal emotion. However, research from Eastern cultures, particularly Japan, conceptualizes happiness as including an interpersonal aspect emphasizing harmony and connectedness to others. Following a combined emic-etic approach (Cheung, van de Vijver & Leong, 2011), we assessed the cross-cultural applicability of a measure of independent happiness developed in the US (Subjective Happiness Scale; Lyubomirsky & Lepper, 1999) and a measure of interdependent happiness developed in Japan (Interdependent Happiness Scale; Hitokoto & Uchida, 2015), with data from 63 countries representing 7 sociocultural regions. Results indicate that the schema of independent happiness was more coherent in more WEIRD countries. In contrast, the coherence of interdependent happiness was unrelated to a country's "WEIRD-ness." Reliabilities of both happiness measures were lowest in African and Middle Eastern countries, suggesting these two conceptualizations of happiness may not be globally comprehensive. Overall, while the two measures had many similar correlates and properties, the self-focused concept of independent happiness is "WEIRD-er" than interdependent happiness, suggesting cross-cultural researchers should attend to both conceptualizations