Stem, branch, and root wood anatomy of black oak (Quercus velutina Lam)

Three Iowa-grown black oak (Quercus velutina Lam.) trees, 16.5, 16.5, and 18.0 cm (6.5, 6.5, and 7.1 inches) diameter at breast height (1.37 meters or 4.5 feet) were harvested by excavating the central stump/root system to a 91.4 cm (3-foot) radius. The first two trees were stand-grown, and the third was open-grown. All roots greater than 1.27 cm (0.5 inch) diameter were collected. Green biomass and moisture content of leaf, twig, branch, stem, and stump/root components were measured. Complete-tree biomass was 245.18, 243.32, and 316.7 Kg for the three trees. The stump/root comprised 27 percent of oven-dry complete-tree biomass. Moisture content decreased from roots to twigs;There was no significant difference in wood plus bark or wood specific gravity (SG) between the three trees. Locations within trees were significantly different. Wood specific gravity decreased from branch to stem to oblique root to lateral root;Fibers were longest in the lower stem (1.04 mm), followed by lateral (1.01) and oblique (0.99) roots (statistically equal), upper stem (0.96), and branches (0.76 mm). Fiber radial diameter was greatest in lateral and oblique roots, followed by stem and branch. Oblique roots had the largest fiber lumen diameter, followed by lateral roots, stem, and branch. Fiber double tangential wall thickness was ranked as lateral root, oblique root, stem, and branch;Branches had the highest vessel volume followed by stem, oblique roots, and lateral roots. Ray percentage was greatest in lateral roots, followed by oblique roots, with stem and branch smallest. Branches and stems had the largest fiber proportion; oblique and lateral roots had less. Axial parenchyma and vasicentric tracheid percentages were greatest in the stem with oblique root, branch, and lateral root components lower;Rather than having a ring porous structure, root wood had a semi-ring porous structure with pores often arranged in radial streams, clusters, or dendritic patterns. One other important difference was that vessel-parenchyma pitting was scalariform in the root. Anatomical features are illustrated with 125 light and scanning electron micrographs

Proportions of Wood Elements in Stem, Branch, and Root Wood of Black Oak (Quercus Velutina)

The volumetrie proportions of vessel elements, fibres, rays, and axial parenchyma plus vasicentric tracheids were determined for the stern, branch and root wood of threc black oak (Quercus velutina Lam.) trees. There were statistical differences in the proportions of wood elements between locations within the trees sampled, i.e., branches, sterns, roots, oblique roots, and lateral roots. Branches had the highest proportion of vesseI elements, whereas sterns had the greatest proportion ofaxial parenchyma plus vasicentric tracheids. The highest proportions of rays were found in root wood. Fibre proportion was greatest in the stern and branch wood

Microscopy of Progressive Decay of Cottonwood by the Brown-Rot Fungus Gloeophyllum Trabeum

Eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides Bartr.) samples subjected to various degrees of brown-rot decay by Gloeophyllum trabeum (FPL 617) were studied by scanning electron (SEM) and polarizing microscopy. A technique was developed to prepare decayed wood specimens for SEM. Ray cells were heavily decomposed in early stages of decay. Bore holes were produced in early stages to facilitate hyphal penetration into fiber tracheids. Degradation of fiber tracheid walls began with the formation of radial checks or voids in the S2 layer, followed by the removal of the entire S2 layer, which often caused the separation of the S3 layer from the remaining cell wall. The S3 layer often was removed before the decomposition of the S1 layer. The compound middle lamella remained intact even after the complete removal of the secondary wall

Impacts of Forest Management Activities on Selected Hardwood Wood Quality Attributes: A Review

Hardwoods are increasingly being viewed as an important raw material component of the forest products industry, and this has spurred awareness of the impact of forest management on tree and wood quality. The impacts of various forest management activities on tree and wood quality in hardwoods are presented from the standpoint of the activities themselves rather than that of the wood properties. These silvicultural activities include genetic manipulation, intensive culture, fertilization and/or irrigation, pruning, thinning, weed control, and prescribed fire. A broad literature cited section is included as an aid to future scientists

Xi Sigma Pi

Xi Sigma Pi, founded in 1908 at the University of Washington, is the National Forestry Honor Society. The Alpha Gamma chapter was chartered at Iowa State in 1965. Our local chapter conducts member initiation, sponsors service projects, and gives scholarships and awards

Soybean-Based Adhesive Resins and Composite Products Utilizing Such Adhesives (2001)

The present invention relates to a soybean-based adhesive resin including a soybean flour and a cross-linking agent. The cross-linking agent is reacted with the functional groups in the soybean flour to form an adhesive resin. The present invention also relates to a method of making a soybeanbased adhesive resin. This method involves providing an aqueous solution of soybean flour and adding a cross-linking agent to the solution under conditions effective to cross-link the soybean flour so that an adhesive resin is formed. Also disclosed is a composite product which includes particulate plant material and the soybean-based adhesive resin. The adhesive is prepared by reacting the cross-linking agent with the functional groups in the soybean flour. The present invention also relates to a method of making a composite product by providing particulate plant material and applying the soybean-based adhesive resin to the particulate plant material

Soybean-Based Adhesive Resins and Composite Products Utilizing Such Adhesives (2003)

The present invention relates to a soybean-based adhesive resin including a soybean flour and a cross-linking agent. The cross-linking agent is reacted with the functional groups in the soybean flour to form an adhesive resin. The present invention also relates to a method of making a soybeanbased adhesive resin. This method involves providing an aqueous solution of soybean flour and adding a cross-linking agent to the solution under conditions effective to cross-link the soybean flour so that an adhesive resin is formed. Also disclosed is a composite product which includes particulate plant material and the soybean-based adhesive resin. The adhesive is prepared by reacting the cross-linking agent with the functional groups in the soybean flour. The present invention also relates to a method of making a composite product by providing particulate plant material and applying the soybean-based adhesive resin to the particulate plant material

Microscopy Of Progressive Decay Of Cottonwood By The Brown-Rot Fungus Gloeophyllum Trabeum

Eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides Bartr.) samples subjected to various degrees of brown-rot decay by Gloeophyllum trabeum (FPL 617) were studied by scanning electron (SEM) and polarizing microscopy. A technique was developed to prepare decayed wood specimens for SEM. Ray cells were heavily decomposed in early stages of decay. Bore holes were produced in early stages to facilitate hyphal penetration into fiber tracheids. Degradation of fiber tracheid walls began with the formation of radial checks or voids in the S2 layer, followed by the removal of the entire S2 layer, which often caused the separation of the S3 layer from the remaining cell wall. The S3 layer often was removed before the decomposition of the S1 layer. The compound middle lamella remained intact even after the complete removal of the secondary wall

Impacts of Forest Management Activities on Selected Hardwood Wood Quality Attributes: A Review

Hardwoods are increasingly being viewed as an important raw material component of the forest products industry, and this has spurred awareness of the impact of forest management on tree and wood quality. The impacts of various forest management activities on tree and wood quality in hardwoods are presented from the standpoint of the activities themselves rather than that of the wood properties. These silvicultural activities include genetic manipulation, intensive culture, fertilization and/or irrigation, pruning, thinning, weed control, and prescribed fire. A broad literature cited section is included as an aid to future scientists

Physical Properties of Kraft PULP From Four-Year-Old Aspen Hybrids and Crosses

Short-rotation forestry and species hybridization offer acceptable raw materials for pulp and paper production. Poplars (Populus spc.) are the most promising materials because of their fast growth rates and their suitability for pulp. The objectives of this study were to determine the kraft pulp properties of three new aspen hybrids and crosses and to compare these properties with those of other poplars. We used Populus alba X Populus tremula, Populus alba X Populus alba Bolleana, and Populus alba X Populus grandidentata. Results indicated that the P. alba X P. trernula hybrid was most suitable for pulp production. Handsheets made from the P. alba X P. tremula hybrid had greater burst and tear strengths and a comparable tensile index compared with those of the kraft pulps of other juvenile poplars. Results suggest that P. alba X P. tremula is a promising hybrid for pulp production