Pharmacological, toxicological and biochemical properties of Coprinus comatus mushroom preparation

Pomoćna lekovita sredstva, gde bi spadale i gljive, mogu značajno da umanje rizik od nastanka dijabetesa, da ga odlože ili da umanje njegove posledice. Pregledom savremene literature se uočava potencijal gljive Coprinus comatus da pomogne u regulisanju nivoa glukoze u krvi. S obzirom da su u Srbiji dostupni komercijalni preparati, postojala je potreba za detaljnim ispitivanjem farmakoloških i toksikoloških osobina gljive Coprinus comatus. Cilj ovog istraživanja je bio da se utvrdi: 1) uticaj preparata gljive Coprinus comatus na glikemiju, histološke karakteristike endokrinog pankreasa i parametre toksičnosti kod ispitivanih životinja; 2) protektivno delovanje preparata gljive Coprinus comatus kod životinja izloženih oksidativnom stresu. Vodena suspenzija gljive Coprinus comatus se primenjivala eksperimentalnim životinjama u tri različite doze (0,835 g/kg; 1,67 g/kg i 3,34 g/kg) i tokom tri vremenska intervala svakodnevno (7, 21 i 42 dana). Za ispitivanje uticaja gljive Coprinus comatus na glikemiju životinja korišćeni su adrenalinski test, test oralnog podnošenja glukoze i indukcija trajne hiperglikemije aloksanom. Od biohemijskih parametara u serumu je određivana koncentracija lipida, uree i kreatinina i enzimska aktivnost aspartat i alanin aminotransferaze. Antioksidantna aktivnost gljive Coprinus comatus je određivana i in vitro i in vivo testovima. Nakon žrtvovanja životinja, tkivo jetre i bubrega bojeno je standardnom hematoksilin i eozin metodom, a pankreasno tkivo imunohistohemijskom metodom. Poredeći promenu telesne mase, vidi se da je ona najmanja u grupi životinja koja je dobijala gljivu u najvećoj dozi. Prateći hipoglikemijski efekat gljive, kod 42-dnevnog tretmana je uočena dozna zavisnost. Ako se uzme u obzir histološki izgled Langerhansovih ostrvaca dobija se potvrda rezultata određivanja koncetracije glukoze u krvi životinja sa aloksanskim dijabetesom. Sedmodnevni tretman gljivom C.comatus u dozi od 3,34 g/kg je doveo do značajnog sniženja koncentracije ukupnog holesterola kod životinja sa aloksanskim dijabetesom. Takođe, analizom HDL frakcije holesterola je uočen pozitivan efekat tretmana gljivom C.comatus. Iako je u većini eksperimentalnih grupa tretman gljivom uspeo da spreči porast serumske koncentracije aminotransferaza uzrokovan primenom ugljentetrahlorida, do statistički značajne promene je došlo samo u koncentraciji alanin aminotransferaze grupa 7-dnevnog tretmana. Iako se u literaturi navodi da se kod dijabetičnih životinja, nakon nekoliko nedelja od indukcije dijabetesa, patohistološkim pregledom mogu uočiti promene u glomerulima i mezengijalnom matriksu bubrega, takve nisu uočene niti kod jedne životinje u ovom ogledu. Biohemijski parametri su pokazali da je ipak došlo do oštećenja bubrega kod životinja sa aloksanskim dijabetesom i da je tretman gljivom u određenoj meri uspeo da ublaži ovaj poremećaj. Potvrda visokog antioksidativnog kapaciteta, prvobitno utvrđena DPPH i FRAP testom i određivanjem sadržaja ukupnih fenola, je dobijena i in vivo testovima. Na osnovu rezultata istraživanja može se zaključiti da primena preparata gljive Coprinus comatus: smanjuje prirast telesne mase, ublažava poremećaj homeostaze glukoze, štiti od reaktivnih kiseoničnih vrsta, ubrzava obnovu β ćelija, utiče povoljno na lipidni status i ne izaziva toksične promene u krvi, na jetri i bubrezima ispitivanih životinja.Natural health products, including mushrooms, can significantly reduce risk of developing diabetes, to postpone it or to reduce its consequences. A contemporary literature indicates to great potential of Coprinus comatus mushroom to help in regulation of  blood glucose level. Considering that commercial products are available in Serbia, there was a need for more detailed pharmacological and toxicological investigation of  Coprinus comatus mushroom. The aim of research was to determine: 1) influence of Coprinus comatus mushroom on glycaemia, endocrine pancreas histological features and toxicological parameters of experimental animals; 2) protective action of Coprinus comatus mushroom with animals exposed to oxidative stress, Coprinus comatus mushroom water suspension was administered to experimental animals in three different doses (0,835 g/kg; 1,67 g/kg and 3,34 g/kg) and during three time intervals every day (7, 21 and 42 days), Adrenalin test, oral glucose tolerance test and hyperglycaemia induction with alloxan were used to determine Coprinus comatus influence on giycaemia in animals, Also, serum lipid, urea, creatinine concentration and enzymatic activity of aspartate and alanine aminotransferase were determined. The antioxidant activity of Coprinus comatus mushroom was determined by using both in vitro and in vivo tests, After animals' sacrificing, liver and kidney tissues were dyed using standard hematoxylin eosin method, while pancreas tissue using immunohistochemical method. Comparing body weight gain, it can be seen that the smallest change was in group of animals treated with the highest mushroom dose. Dose dependent hypoglycaemic effect was noticed  in a 42-days mushroom treatment. Considering histological appearance of Langerhans islets confirmation of blood glucose concentration in alloxan diabetic animals was obtained. Seven days' treatment of C.comatus mushroom in dose of 3,34 g/kg led to a significant total cholesterol decrease in alloxan diabetic animals. Also, by HDL cholesterol fraction analysis positive effect of C. comatus mushroom treatment was noticed. Mushroom treatment succeeded n preventing serum aminotransferases increase in majority of experimental groups. Only by measuring concentration of alanine aminotransferase in seven days' treatment group of animals, statistically significant change was obtained. Though it was stated in the literature that pathohistological examination can show changes in glomeruls and mesangial matrix in kidneys of diabetic animals, those changes were not found in animals in this experiment. Biochemical parameters showed that, after all, there were still kidney damage in alloxan diabetic animals and :hat mushroom treatment alleviated this disorder in a certain degree. The confirmation of high .lntioxidant capacity, primarily determined by DPPH and FRAP tests and total phenolic content measurement, was reached using in vivo tests, as well, Based on research results it can be concluded that administration of Coprinus comatus mushroom preparation: lowers body weight gain, alleviates glucose homeostasis disorder, protects from reactive oxygen species, accelerates q cells regeneration, affects positively on lipid profile and does not cause toxic changes in blood, liver and kidneys of experimental animals

The effect of zinc gluconate supplementation on the symptoms and tongue epithelium regeneration in non-psoriatic patients with migratory glossitis

The aim of this study was to evaluate zinc gluconate as a treatment option in patients with symptomatic migratory glossitis (MG). Using simple random sampling, 28 non-psoriatic patients with symptomatic MG were divided into a test and control group. The test group took 20 mg/day of chelated zinc gluconate for one month, and was put on a diet rich in zinc. The control group was only put on a diet rich in zinc. Changes in the size of red atrophied areas (width and length) and the intensity of symptoms were evaluated as primary and secondary outcomes, respectively, at baseline, after therapy, and one month later. In the test group, the mean value of the red atrophy area width and length displayed some significant reduction as a primary outcome. There were no significant changes in the size of red patches in the control group. Secondary outcome showed that the intensity of subjective symptoms in the test group significantly decreased (P=0.042) compared with controls. The filiform papillae had partially or completely regenerated in 85.7% of cases in the test group and in 23.1% of the controls (P=0.001). Red patches with raised keratotic rims may have healed spontaneously and reappeared in constantly changing patterns that are typical for MG. This phenomenon was not observed in patients supplemented with zinc, and new atrophy areas occurred in only one case. Low-dose zinc gluconate supplementation may have a positive therapeutic effect on tongue epithelium regeneration and symptomatology in patients with MG. in our region were consistent with those from other studies. </p

Environmental Bovine Mastitis Pathogens: Prevalence, Antimicrobial Susceptibility, and Sensitivity to Thymus vulgaris L., Thymus serpyllum L., and Origanum vulgare L. Essential Oils

Mastitis is considered to be one of the most important diseases of dairy cows in terms of health, production, and economy. Being the most common cause of antibiotic consumption in dairy cows, treatment of this disease is one of the biggest challenges in the veterinary profession as an increasing number of pathogens develop resistance to antibiotics used in the treatment. Therefore, new alternative approaches for limiting the use of antibiotics in livestock are required. For this reason, our study aimed to investigate prevalence of environmental mastitis associated bacterial strains, as well as the sensitivity of isolated strains to different antibiotics. Additionally, the therapeutic potential of three essential oils (EOs) was tested against bovine Serratia spp. and Proteus spp. mastitis pathogens, based on their chemical composition, as well as antibacterial potential. The study was carried out on 81 milk samples collected from dairy cows with mastitis. In order to determine prevalence of S. marcescens and P. mirabilis, microbiological isolation and identification were performed. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by disk diffusion method and the microdilution method was used to determine the antibacterial activity of selected EOs. In the oregano EO, a total of 23 compounds were detected, with carvacrol as a dominant component (78.94%). A total of 26 components were present in the EO of common thyme, where thymol was the most abundant compound (46.37%). Thymol also dominated (55.11%) the wild thyme EO. All tested EOs displayed antibacterial activity against all strains to different extents, while wild and common thyme EOs were the most effective. It could be concluded that the tested EOs represent promising therapeutic candidates for effective non-antibiotic treatment of mastitis

Carob Extract (Ceratonia siliqua L.): Effects on Dyslipidemia and Obesity in a High-Fat Diet-Fed Rat Model

Dyslipidemia and obesity are recognized as two of the major global health issues and main risk factors for coronary heart disease and cerebrovascular disease. In recent years, carob has shown certain antioxidant and anti-dyslipidemic potential. In this study, Wistar rats were fed with a standard and cholesterol-enriched diet and treated orally with carob extract and simvastatin for four weeks. After sacrifice, blood samples were collected for biochemical analysis, and liver tissue was taken for histological and immunohistochemical assessment. Weight gain was significantly higher in groups fed with cholesterol-fortified granules; total cholesterol was found to be significantly lower in the hypercholesterolemic groups treated with simvastatin and simvastatin/carob combined regimens compared with hypercholesterolemic animals treated with saline (p < 0.05). The same was true for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and the LDL/HDL ratio (p < 0.05). Adiponectin was remarkably higher in animals treated with simvastatin compared to all other groups (p < 0.05). Leptin was significantly lower in groups treated with carob and simvastatin compared to the hypercholesterolemic group treated with saline (p < 0.05). Carob/simvastatin co-administration reduced hepatocyte damage and improved liver morphology. A study confirmed the anti-dyslipidemic, anti-obesity, and hepatoprotective potential of carob pulp alone or in combination with simvastatin in the treatment of high-fat diet-fed rats

Anti-Oxidative Activity of An Aqueous Suspension of Commercial Preparation of The Mushroom Coprinus comatus

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Phytochemistry and Antihyperglycemic Potential of <i>Cistus salviifolius</i> L., Cistaceae

Cistus salviifolius has been previously reported as a traditional remedy for hyperglycemia. However, the plant has been scarcely investigated from scientific point of view. Thus, the aim was to examine the chemical composition and to evaluate its antioxidant and antihyperglycemic potential in vitro. Aqueous and ethanolic extracts were evaluated for total phenolic, tannin, and flavonoid content using spectrophotometric methods. Detailed chemical characterization was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-DAD). The volatile organic compounds (VOCs) profile was assessed by gas chromatography technique. The potential in diabetes treatment was evaluated through tests of free radicals neutralization, inhibition of lipid peroxidation process, and test of ferric ion reduction; activity in tests of inhibition of α-amylase, α-glucosidase and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 was also evaluated. High content of phenolics (majority being tannins) was detected; detailed HPLC analysis revealed high content of gallic acid, followed by rutin, chlorogenic and caffeic acids. The VOCs analysis determined sesquiterpene hydrocarbons and oxygenated sesquiterpenes as the main groups of compounds. The assays classified extracts as potent neutralizers of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil and nitroso radicals formation and potent inhibitors of α-amylase and α-glucosidase. In conclusion, Cistus salviifolius represents a rich source of phenolics and essential oil with sesquiterpenes. The established results suggested its promising antioxidant and antihyperglycemic activities

THE INFLUENCE OF ROSEMARY ESSENTIAL OIL APPLIED PER OS ON THE PHARMACODYNAMIC AND PHARMACOKINETIC PROPERTIES OF PARACETAMOL

Introduction: Rosemary essential oil can be used for treating dyspepsia, mild spasmodic disorders of thegastrointestinal tract, externally as analgetic in muscular and articular pain and minor peripheral circulatory disorders.It is important to explore its analgesic potential and its influence on the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokineticproperties of paracetamol. Methodology: Rosemary essential oil was applied to mice orally (doses: 10 and 20 mg/kgb.w.) for pharmacodynamic tests for seven days. Rats treated with rosemary essential oil for seven days orally (5 and10 mg/kg b.w.) were used for the examination of the influence of essential oil on the pharmacokinetic properties ofparacetamol (applied on the 7th day p.o. or i.v.). Pharmacokinetic parameters were analyzed in blood samples obtainedfrom rats' tail veins, with the HPLC method. Results: The essential oil of rosemary shows analgetic properties. Therosemary essential oil increases pharmacological effects of paracetamol and does not change paracetamolbioavailability. Conclusion: The herbal drugs could change the pharmacodynamic and the pharmacokinetic propertiesof classical drugs and they could also change the safety of classical drugs use in human population

The Protective Effects of Silymarin against Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity and Hepatotoxicity in Rats

Silymarin is a complex of five major compounds, and silibinin is the most biologically active component of the complex. The aim of this study was to investigate, evaluate and confirm the potential cardioprotective and hepatoprotective effects of administration of silymarin, rich in silibinin, at a dose of 60 mg/kg orally for a time-span of 12 days on doxorubicin induced toxicity in male Wistar rats. The in vivo model was used to explore whether silymarin could prevent damage of liver and heart tissue induced by doxorubicin administered every other day at dose of 1.66 mg/kg intraperitoneally for twelve days. In the study the change of body weight, ECG changes, biochemical parameters of oxidative stress, serum activity of alanine and aspartate transaminase, lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase and histological preparations of heart and liver samples of treated animals were examined. According to physiological, pharmacological, microscopic and biochemical results, we confirmed that at the examined dose, silymarin exhibits a protective influence on the heart and liver tissue against toxicity induced by doxorubicin